PEDIONOMIDAE 189 



and a rufous vent-region, T. powelH of the Lesser Sun da Islands 

 being similar. The males lack the rufous collar and barred 

 throat. T. sylvatica, of South Europe and Africa generally, has 

 in both sexes dull reddish upper parts, barred with black and 

 relieved by white, grey, and buff, which cause a scaly appearance ; 

 the browner wings shew white spots, the centre of the crown and 

 throat are white, the sides of the head, neck, and breast whitish 

 with black spots, the mid-chest and abdomen ruddy and buff 

 respectively. T. dussumieri, the smallest species known, occur- 

 ring in India, Pegu, Hainan, and Forijiosa, differs in the wide 

 yellowish margins of the scapulars, a feature found also in the 

 blacker T. nana and T. hottentotta of Africa, wherein the sides 

 are barred. The former ranges from lat. 10° S. to the Great 

 Karroo, and the latter southward of that district. T. Uanfordi 

 is found east of the Bay of Bengal to Siani and Manchuria, T. 

 tanki in India and eastward to Tipperah, T. albiventris in the 

 Andamans and Nicobars ; all being greyish above varied with 

 black, and having the nape rufous in the female only. T. macu- 

 losa of Celebes, Southern New Guinea, and Australia, and 1\ satu- 

 rata of New Britain and the Duke of York group are similar, 

 but exhibit yellow -edged scapulars; the latter possessing no 

 rusty collar, but having a white throat in the male. T. ocellata 

 of Luzon is a large greenish -brown species vermiculated with 

 black, in which the neck and breast are bright ruddy, the crown 

 is blackish banded with white, the throat and cheeks are chieily 

 black, and the wing - coverts show black ocelli with whitish 

 margins. The male has the middle of the throat white and no 

 rufous collar. T. nigricollis of Madagascar is grey, black, reddish, 

 and buff above, with much black and white on the head ; and is 

 uniform grey below, with black mid-throat and more or less 

 ruddy sides. The throat is white in the male. The female of 

 T. melanogaster of East Australia has both throat and breast 

 black, with white markings on the latter, the male reversing the 

 colours. Other Australian forms are T. varia, with chestnut nuchal 

 collar, black, white, and rufous upper, and grey and buff under parts ; 

 T. castanonota, with vinous red upper surface ; T. pyrrTiothorax, 

 chiefly greyish above and rusty buff below ; and T. velox, reddish- 

 chestnut in colour with nearly white lower parts. In these four 

 the sexes are alike. T. leucogaster inhabits Central Australia. 

 Fam. III. Fediouomidae. — Fedionomus torquatus differs in 



