COLUMBIDAE 349 



terminal bar on the lateral feathers. The small 0. olax of the 

 Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, has the back maroon, 

 the head and neck grey. 0. pompaclora of Ceylon has the fore- 

 head and throat yellow, the mantle maroon, and the median 

 rectrices green. 0. aromatica of Bouru differs in having no 

 yellow forehead, and the bend of the wing blackish. 



Trero7i nipalensis and the very closely allied T. nasica are 

 found from Bengal and ISTepal to the Indo-Malay Islands, the 

 Philippines, and Cochin-China ; they have grey heads, chestnut 

 mantles, black wings with yellow edges to the coverts and 

 secondaries, cinnamon under tail -coverts, grey lateral rectrices 

 banded with black, and green plumage elsewhere. Butreron 

 capellii, of the Malay Peninsula and neighbouring islands, has the 

 head and upper parts greyish-green, the wings nearly as in the 

 last species, the throat and abdomen yellowish-green, the breast 

 orange, and the under tail-coverts chestnut. 



Crocopus, with its three similar members, extends from India 

 and Ceylon to Cochin-China. 0. chlorigaster has a grey head 

 and tail, a yellowish-green neck and under surface, a grey band 

 across the mantle, a yellow alar bar, an olive-green back and 

 rump, a purple patch at the bend of the wing, and rufous and 

 white lower tail-coverts. 



Half a dozen species of Vinago range from Senegambia and 

 Abyssinia to Madagascar and Cape Colony. V waalia, found 

 from West to North-East Africa, has a greenish-grey head and 

 neck, oUve upper parts, blackish-brown remiges with yellow outer 

 margins, a rich vinous patch on the wing-coverts, a slaty-blue 

 tail, a bright yellow breast, and a buff, abdomen. V. calva, of 

 the Ethiopian Eegion northward of Angola and the Zambesi, has 

 a curious bare forehead and frontal swelling, a yellowish-green 

 head, neck, and lower surface, and a grey collar at the base of 

 the hind-neck. V. crassirostris is confined to St. Thomas and 

 EoUas Islands, West Africa ; V. australis to Madagascar. Spherw- 

 cercus, with some eight members, having wedge-shaped tails and a 

 general resemblance in colour, reaches from North India, Sumatra, 

 Borneo, and Java, to Japan and Formosa. S. sphenurus, of the 

 Himalayas and the Burmese countries, has the head, neck, and under 

 parts greenish-yellow with a rufous tinge, the back purplish- and 

 bluish -green, the rump and wing -coverts olive with a maroon 

 patch on the latter, and the remiges .slaty-black with yellow 



