478 



PASSERIFORMES 



In the males of some forms the remiges differ from those of the 

 females ; thus the shafts of the primaries are thickened and 

 pointed in Chiroxifhia, similar but incurved in Hclicvra and 

 Ghiromachneris, with much attenuated barbs in the latter ; in 

 PtilorJiJvris the seventh primary is modified and bends outwards. 

 In M((c]irii'roi)ffrus the wing-bones are flattened; the secondaries 

 have thick stems bending inwardte towards the tip, and shew reduced 

 vanes, save the eighth and ninth, while the sixth and seventh have 

 the shaft terminally developed into a horny excrescence. The tail 

 is usually short and square, but is long in Ohloropipo and Mctopja, 

 rounded in the latter and Madus, graduated in MetopotJirix and 

 Hrterocercus. The outer of the twelve feathers are much elongated 

 in Cirropipra, being acuminate in G. heterocerca, curved and filiform 

 in C.filicaudii.; the two median rectrices are lengthened in Hclicvra ; 

 while in three species of Chiroxiphia they are also long, or even 

 linear in G. lincuris. Frontal crests occur in Mcinjiiu, Mnsius, 

 and Meto'pothrix ; vertical crests in Pipra serena, P suavissima, 

 and four species of Ghiroxiphia; Ccratopipra has a peculiar ex- 

 tended nuchal tuft, Chiromachaeris an elongated beard. 



As examples of coloration we may take the following : — Cldoro- 

 pipo JiavicapiUcc has a yellow head, neck, and under parts, a green 



back, and brownish wings ; Xevajiipo 

 atronitens is vmiform black ; Gcrcdo- 

 pipra cornuta, black with scarlet head, 

 neck, and thighs ; Girropiipra fili- 

 ccmcla similarly coloured, with yellow 

 forehead and lower surface. Pipra 

 leucocilla is black with a white 

 crown ; P. vchdiiuc has a blue cap, 

 P. suavissima an erect white vertical 

 crest, lilac rump, and orange mid- 

 abdomen. MiicTiaeropiterus regulus 

 exhibits green upper parts, a scarlet 

 crown, slaty wing- and tail -quills, 

 and white, green, and rufous under 

 surface. Cliirii.c iphia piareola, is black, 

 with blue mantle and crimson crest ; 

 GhirnmacJiacris cmrantiaca is also black, with oranoe nuchal band, 

 cheeks and breast, green rump, and yellow abdomen. The 

 females are green, with yellowish or whitish tints below. Piilo- 



FlG. 102.— Manakin. 

 mentalis, x ] 



PiX„ 



