Suborder. 



[ind toe present and raised [Mesitidm 

 igle notch on each side of posterior 

 it-bone. Oil-gland tufted 



oe present. No notches on posterior 

 st-bone (Eurypygidcc excepted). Oil- 



id toe. Two small notches on each side 

 rgin of breast-bone. No oil-gland ... 



Family. 



SALLID.S — Rectrices 12 to 14. Small after-shaft. 5th secondary wanting 



KESITIDiE — Rectrices 16. Hind toi on ^ame level as others 



\. HELIOBNITHIDJE — Rectrices 18. ifter-shaft. 5tli secondary usually present ... 



/ 6S17I]).S. — Rectrices 12. Plumage grey or white 



ASAHID.SI. — Rectrices 12. 1st primiry sickle-shaped and spatulate at tip 

 ETIEYPYGID.ffi.— Rectrices 12. Breastbone with notches. Fed by parents for a time 

 SHINOCHETID.S! — Rectrices 1 2. Inntr secondaf ies longer than primaries. After-shaft 



FSOFHIIS.S: — Rectrices 10. No afttr-shaft 



OTITIBJE — Rectrices 16 to 20. 

 game-like 



Subfamily. 



RALLINjE.— No frontal plate. Plumage 

 streaked or banded. Sexes alike 



GALLINULIN^.— With frontal shield. 

 Plumage uniform. Sexes differ 



St! secondary wanting. Plumage mottled and 



}... 



(EOICira!III]).SI — No hind toe. Mid claw not pectinated. Eyes large 



Hind toe raised. Iocs long, much webbed. Mid claw notched .. 



TUBJOVLkaXDm. 



G'LASEOLID.SI — With ox without hind toe. Nostrils impervious, 



tinated. Tarsus transversely scaled all round 



FASBID.S), — Four long toes with long claws. Wings spurred 



Mid claw pec- 



CHAEASBUDf.- 



reticulated . . . 



-With or without hind toe. Toes moderate. Tarsus usually 



CURSORIINJE.— No hind toe ... 

 GLAREOLIN.*.— With hind toe 



CHARADRIIN J:. — Hind toe short or 

 wanting. Anterior toes scarcely con- 

 nected. Tarsus always reticulated be- 

 hind 



H.EMATOPODIN.S.— No hind toe [Ee- 

 curvirostra excepted). Anterior toes 

 slightly webbed. Tarsus reticulated. 

 No distinct summer plumage 



TOTANINiE.— With hind toe {Calidris 

 excepted). Anterior toes free, fringed 

 or lobed. Tarsus transversely scutel- 

 lated all rountl (Numenius excepted). 

 Plumage in summer and winter distinct. 

 Sexes alike {Pavoncella excepted) 



ernum with twt* notches on each side of 



V 



CHIONII)ID.S Hind toe. Membrane between third and fourth toes. Tarsus \ 



reticulated all round. Bill complex. Plumage white •. i 



THINOCOBTTHISiE Hind toe. Small membrane between third and fourth toes. -, 



Tarsus reticulated all round. Bill without sheath. Plumage game j" 



IBIDIS.S Bill curved downwards. Anterior toes webbed at base. Remiges 25... 



SCOLOPACINjE. — Hind toe. Anterior 

 toe.s cleft to base. Tarsus scutellated in front. 

 Plumage rich, streaked black and yellow 



n. Hind toe on same plane as others. (^ FLATALEII).£. — Bill straight, flattened, dilated at end. Remiges 30 



um with one notch on each side of pos- ) CICOiniI).S Bill long, straight, and without grooves ; no dertral hook. Anterior 



Hallux raised (variable height) ... "j toes webbed. No powder-down patches. Mid claw not pectinated 



m with one notch on each side of 

 a.. Hind toe on same plane 



ABDEID.S. — Bill slender, straight, grooved at each side. Notcjied, with no dertral 

 hook. AVeb between fourth and third toes ; that between second and third obsolete. \ 

 Powder-down patches. Loral space bare. Mid claw pectinated 



JE. — Hind toe on same plane as others, 

 d, grooved for whole length with der- 

 »rior toes not webbed. Two powder- 

 Loral space bare 



toe on same plane as others. Culmen 

 I for whole length with dertral hook, 

 3 webbed. No powder-down patches, 

 hered 



1.^^ 



Genus. Page. 



R.4.ILS 123 



Crakes 124 



Water-Hens ... 128 



Water-Cocks ... 129 



Moorhens 129 



Coots 132 



Mbsites* 134 



FiNFOOTS 134 



Cranes 135 



LiMPKINS* 138 



sun-bitterns * ... 138 



Kagus* 138 



Trumpeters* ... 138 



Bustards 138 



Florikins 140 



Stone-Curlews ... 144 



Stone-Ploters ... 145 



Crab-Plovers ... 145 



Courier Plovers ... 147 



Swallow Plovers ... 148 



Ja^anas 149 



Turnstones 153 



Lapwings 163 



Grey Plovers ... 154 



Golden Plovers ... 155 



Sand-Plovers ... 156 



Dotterels 156 



Ringed Plovers ... 157 



Wattled Lapwings 159 



Spur-wingedPlovees 160 



r Oyster-Catchers .., 162 



I Stilts 162 



I ArocETS 164 



I Ibis-bills 164 



/Curlews 167 



Whimbkels 167 



GODWITS 168 



Avocet Sandpipers 171 



Yellow-shanks ... 171 



Green-shanks ... 171 



Sandpipers 172 



Red-shanks 172 



Wood-Sandpipers ... 174 



Ruffs 174 



Sandeelings ... 175 



Stints 176 



Pectoral Sandpipers 177 



Knots 177 



CuRLEiv Stints ... 177 



Dunlins 178 



Broad-billed Stint.s 178 



\ Phalaropes ... 178 



Woodcocks 179 



Snipes 180 



Painted Snipes ... 183 



Sheatheills* ... 184 



Seed-Snipe.s * ... 184 



Ibises 186 



Spoonbills 190 



Storks 191 



Open Bills 191 



Adjutants 192 



Painted Storks ... 193 



( Herons 191 



Egrets 196 



Reep Herons ... 198 



Night Herons ... 199 



Boatbills* 199 



Malay Bitterns . . . 200 



Green Herons . . , 200 



Pond-Herons ... 201 



Cattle Egrets ... 202 



Bitterns 202 



Shoebills* 201 



!8. j 



Hammerheads* 



204 



* Not represented in India. 



