174 PAVONCELLA. 



grey; outer tail vandyked white. — In summer: Head, neck, and below sooty 

 grey. Vent and lower tail barred white and brown. Back black, with white 

 spots. Breeds in Finland, and migrates south to Mediterranean countries and 

 S. Asia. Common in cold season in N. India. Eggs (1-8 x 1-25) buff, spotted 

 dark brown. (J. 896. B. 1465.) 



171. Totanus glareola. The Wood-Sandpiper. 



OldriSSla, a diminutive from glarH=g:a,YA, from its haunting gravelly places. 



Chupka, Chobaha, India; Chinna ulanka (Telugu). 



cj 8^" to 9". Legs green. Bill 1^", green, tip black. — In winter : Forehead 

 and above deep brown, with grey spots. White supercilia from the bill. Tail 

 barred black and white; laterals white-spotted. Eemiges twenty-six. Axillaries 

 barred brown. — In summer: Feathers of back brown, with white markings on 

 both webs. Europe and N. Asia, winters in Africa, India, Malay Archipelago, 

 and Australia. Eggs (1-5 x 1-1) olive, blotched red and brown. (J. 891. B. 1461.) 



Also T. macularius. 6i". Similar to T. hypoleucos. From N. America. Migratory to 

 C. and S. America and W. Indies. 



T. solitarius. S 7". 9 74"- Similar to T. ochropus. From N. to S. America. 



T. dnnamomeus. Similar to T. solitarius. 



T. melanoleueus. i 11". J 12-8". Similar to T. glottis. From N. America. Migratory 

 to S. America. 



T. flampes. i 9". 9 9J". N. America. Migratory to S. America. 



Also the genua Symphoenia. One species — M. semipalmaia, i 12", ? 13", from N. America 

 to C. and S. America in winter. 



Also the genus Seteractitis. Two species — H. brevipes, i 8-8", 9 9", from E. Siberia 

 through Japan and China to Malayan Archipelago and Australia; S. incanits, 10", from 

 Alaska and Mexico throughout Oceania to N.E. Australia. 



Genus PAVONOELLA. 



Males much larger than females. Web only between fourth and third toes. 

 Bill almost straight. Both mandibles grooved. First quill longest. Tail 

 graduated. Tarsus transversely shielded in front and behind. Hind toe 

 moderate. At breeding season male assumes a distinct plumage, with a ruff 

 of long feathers. Scarcely two ruffs in full plumage are alike in colour. Poly- 

 gamous. Almost the whole of the Old World. 



172. Pavoncella pugnaz. The Etiff and Eeeve. 



PMg'jiaa!= fond of fighting; from ^g'na= a fight. 



Gehwala, India. 



i 12" to 13". $ 10". 6 oz. Legs yeUow. Bill U" to 1^", brown.— Jm 

 winter: Male has upper plumage brown, with black spots. Breast reddish. 

 Axillaries white. Lower parts white. Female, known as the Eeeve, is smaller, 

 ashy plumage throughout, and has no ruff or occipital tufts. — In summer : Male : 

 Plumage black, deep rufous, and ashy. After spring moulting the face-feathers 

 are replaced by hard pimples and the ruff is developed. The two sexes are alike 

 for part of the year, but differ in the pairing season. Among young males and 

 females there is no difference in plumage during their first autumn, the only 

 marked difference being the larger size of the male. Similarly size alone dis- 

 tinguishes adult males and females in winter. In the breeding plumage (May 

 and June) the only alteration in the female from the winter state is a darker 

 and richer colouration, but in the males there is a special growth of elongated 



