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Order. 



OAVLS — Front toes entirely connected by webs. 

 6th secondary wanting. Primaries 11. After- 

 shaft. Spinal feather tract. Tail-feathers 12. 

 Oil-gland tufted. Young hatched covered with 

 down, able to run, but fed by parents for some 

 Eggs double -spotted 



STEOANOPODES Totipalmate, with four toes 



united by web. Oil-gland tufted. 5th second- 

 ary and after-shaft wanting. Desmognathous. 

 Young hatched blind and helpless 



TTTBINASES — Nostrils terminating externally 

 in tubes. Bill divided by deep grooves. An- 

 terior toes webbed throughout. Schizognathous. 

 Young helpless and clad with down till fully 

 grown 



PALAMEDEJE — Modified arboreal form of Goose 

 PH(ENICOPTEEI.— Bill abruptly bent in middle 





Suborder. Family. 



■ LARIDJE. — Bill without a cere. Hind toe generally present. Toes partially or fully webbed. 

 Claws not sharp. Breast-bone with two notches on each side of posterior margin 



STEBCOBASIIBJE. — Bill with homy cere. Hind toe small. Anterior toes fully webbed. Claws 

 sharp. Central tail projecting. Breast-bone with one notch on each side of posterior margin. 



PHAEIONIDJE. — Mid-tail greatly produced. Nostrils pervious 



FELECANIDJE Tail rounded. External nostrils 





AHSERES — Bill straight, with distinct nail at 

 tip. Margins of bill laminated (Mergincc ser- 

 rated). Tarsus reticulated at back and gen- 

 erally in front. Desmognathous. Young 

 hatched covered with down and able to run ... 



PT60F0SES Bill straight and pointed. Plum- 

 age short and dense. Schizognathous... 



;;} 



ALCJE Bill high and sharp on cnlmen . No hind 



toe. Anterior toes fully webbed. Schizog- 

 nathous. Close-set plumage ... 



IMFENITES Beak never hooked. No quill 



feathers in the wing. Nopowerofilight. Young 

 born helpless and covered with down ... 



hind 1 

 izog- j- 



Subfamily. Genus. 



' LARIN.ffi. — Upper mandible longer than lower. Tail \ 



, ( ijrULLS 



square, or nearly so ... •' 



STERNIN.®.— Both mandibles of about equal length. 



Page. 



.. 212 



with acute tips. Tail forked . . 



RHYNCHOPIN.ffi.— Upper mandible much shorter than \ Skimmbbs 

 ^ lower. Tail short, slightly forked / 



Skuas 



PHAIACBOCOBACIOA.— Tail cuneate. Nostrils not pervious 



SULID.S: Tail wedge-shaped. No external nostrils 



V 7BE6ATID2:. — Tail forked. Nostrils in a groove. Web between toes deeply emarginate 



PBOCELLABIID.S Nostrils united externally in one tube 



PTrFFINII>.S, — Nostrils united externally with two openings 



PELECANOIDIDJE. — Nostrils distinct, opening upwards on each side 



SIOIIESEID.X Nostrils lateral, each in separate sheath opening forwards 



FAXAMEDEIDiE Anterior toes" very long, connected by rudimentary webs 



FHCENICOFTEBIBJE. — Neck and leg long. Anterior toes united to claw 



f PHALACROCORACIN^.— Cutting edges of bill entire. 

 I PLOTIN jE. —Cutting edges of bill serrated 



f PUFFININiE.— Sides of palate without lamelliu 

 I FULMARINiE.— Sides of palate with lamella; ... 



/ CYGNIN.ffi ... ■) 

 ANSERIN.iE ... \ Hind toe not lobed 

 PLECTROPTERIN.*;) 



AN ATIDJE Bill of equal width or wider at tip, with numerous lamellae. Anterior toes fully 



webbed to end of digits (Anseranas excepted). Hind toe always present. Primaries 11. 

 After-shaft rudimentary or wanting 



FODICIPEDID.S.— Hind toe raised and lobed. 

 COLTMBIDJE Hind toe on level with others. 



Anterior toes with lateral lobes 

 Anterior toes united by web ... 



\ ANATIN.ffi.— Hind toe narrowly lobed . 



FULIGULIN.aE\ 



^ MERGINJE /Hmd toe broadly lobed 



ALCINiE. — Feathers on lores extend to nostril 



FRATERCULIN.ffi.— Feathers on lores not extending 



-I 



to nostril. Bill deeply grooved 



*} 



Puffins* 



230 



230 



293 



Penguins* 293 



* Not represented in India. 



