212 LARUS. 



A. Head with defined hood darker than the neck in summer. 

 Hood black. Mantle grey. 



111. Larus ichthyagtus. The Great Black-headed Gull. 



Fish-eyed, from IxBii + deris. 



(J 26" to 29J". Weight 2 lbs. to 3| lbs. Legs duU red. Bill red, black bar. 

 Small crescentic white patches above and below the eye. Back and wings blue- 

 grey. Eump, tail, and below white. Five primaries white, with black band. First 

 quill, outer and half inner web, black. — In winter : Head white, streaked dark 

 brown. Breeds in C. Asia and migrates in winter to S. Asia and N.E. Africa. 

 Not further east than Burma, India, and Ceylon. Eggs (3-0 x 2-1) buff, streaked 

 purple and brown. (J. 979. B. 1489.) See illustration, p. 211. 



228. Larus minutus. The Little Gull. 

 (? 11''. Legs vermilion. Bill lake. Below white, tinged pink. Primaries 

 grey, broadly tipped white, without black bars. Quills black below. Eemiges 

 twenty-eight. — In winter: Forehead white and hood grey. Temperate Europe 

 and Asia, but not in Mongolia or China. One specimen shot by Colonel Irby, 

 in 1859, near Jehangirabad, Oudh. Eggs (1-6 x 1-2) buff, spotted brown. 



Also L. serranus. 19". Legs and bill red. Small white spot behind eye. First and second 

 quills tipped black. Third tipped white. — In vnnler : Head white, streaked grey. Andean 

 lakes and west coast of S. America. 



i. melanoeephalus. 15i" to 17". The Mediterranean Black-headed Gull. Legs red. 

 Bill red, with dark band in front of angle. Primaries white, tinged grey on outer webs. 



L. saundersi. 12i"- Legs red. Bill black. Narrow white eye-ring. First quill white, 

 with narrow black edges. Second quill, outer web white and black patch on inner web near 

 tip. Third quill, tip white, with black patch across both webs. — In winter: Head white, 

 streaked grey. China, Mongolia, and E. Siberia. 



L. Philadelphia. 15"- Bonaparte's Gull. Legs orange. Bill black. White eye-ring. 

 First and second quills white, with outer webs, tips, and part of inner webs black. Third 

 quill white, tip and part of outer web black. — In vnnter: Head white, mottled grey. N. 

 America and occasionally in United Kingdom. 



L. franklini. 14". Legs livid. Bill red, with dark subterminal band. White patches 

 above and below eye. First, second, and third quills grey, tipped white, with subterminal 

 black bars. — In winter : Head white, spotted black above. N. America. 



L. atricilla. 164". L^gs and WH red. White patch above and below eye. First quill 

 black ; second and third nearly so, and tipped white. — In winter: Head white, streaked grey. 

 Bill and legs nearly black. N. and S. America. 



Hood dark brown. Mantle French grey. 

 229. Larus ridibundus. The LAUGHiNa Gull. 



Iiidibundu3= {all of laughter ; from ridSo — 1 laugh. 



(J 15" to 16". Legs deep red. Bill deep red. Head and neck red-brown. 

 Eemiges thirty. Shafts of first, second, and third quills white. First quill 

 white, with narrow black margins and tip. Second and third similar, but with 

 more black. Fourth quill more black, and with grey centre to inner web, and a 

 minute white tip. Sixth quill, both webs and tip grey, the black forming a sub- 

 terminal bar. — In winter : Head grey, or white, with grey patches round the eye 

 and on ear-coverts. Breeds in temperate Europe and Asia; winters in Africa and 

 S. Asia. Kashmir and India (not observed in Burma). Two to three eggs 

 (2-0 X 14), olive-green, blotched brown and grey. (J. 981. B. 1490.) 



