220 STEENIN^. 



polar, ranging south in winter to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas, Japan, California, 

 Texas, and Bermuda. 



C. leucopterus. 22". Resembles L. glaueus. All white. Legs and wings very long. 

 Greenland, and in winter to Iceland, the Baltic, the British Isles, N.W. Europe, and N. 

 America. 



C. Sead without a hood. Tail with a subterminal black band. 



L. modestus. 18" Legs and bill black, tinged red. Crown and throat grey. Forehead 

 and chin white. Mantle lead colour. First, second, third, and fourth quills chiefly sooty, 

 tipped grey. Tail grey, with subterminal black band. Beneath smoky. Peru and Chili. 



L. heermanni. 17". Legs black. Bill red, often tipped black. Head and neck white. 

 Mantle deep slate. First to fifth primaries nearly black, with white tips. Tail black, with 

 broad white tips. Pacific coasts of N. America. 



L. beleheri. 20". Legs and bill yellow. Head, neck, and below white. Mantle sooty. 

 First to fifth primaries sooty black, tipped greyish white. Tail chiefly black, tipped with white, 

 outer webs of outermost pair white. Coasts of Chili and Peru. 



L. crassirostris. 19". Legs yellow. Bill yellow, angle and tip red, with intervening black 

 zone. Mantle slate-grey. First to fifth primaries blackish, with white tips. Tail white, tinged 

 pale grey on basal half, followed by a black band about 2" wide. Coast of E. Asia, through 

 Japan and China to about 22° N. lat. 



Also the genus Gabianus. With bill barely twice its depth. Nostrils very small and ovate. 

 One species — G. padficus, 25", legs greenish, bill orange, head, neck, and below white, mantle 

 deep black, primaries black, tipped white, tail white, broadly banded black, Australia and 

 Tasmania. 



Also the genus Leucophmus. "With hind toe joined to second by a rugose membrane. Webs 

 of anterior toes coarsely indented. One species — L. scoresbii, 18", legs vermilion, bill cherry, 

 orbital ring white, head, neck, and below lavender, mantle black, primaries chiefly black, 

 second quill with minute white tip, fifth quill with white spot on inner web. South of 8. America. 



Also the genus Pagophila. With hind toe joined to second by a strong serrated membrane. 

 All nails curved. Tibia feathered nearly to joint. One species — P. eburnea, 18", the Ivory 

 Gull, legs black, biU greenish, with yellow tip, orbital ring brick-red, all white. Ciroumpolar, 

 southwards in winter to north of France. 



Also the genus Hissa. Hind toe obsolete or rudimentary. Two species — S. tridactyla, 

 15i", the Kittiwake, legs blackish, bill yellow, mantle grey, rest white, quills chiefly grey, 

 outer web of first quill black, grey in others, first, second, and third quills terminally black, 

 fourth quill tip white, surmounted by a black bar, wing-lining white. Circumpolar, and in 

 winter south to Mediterranean and Caspian Seas, coasts of America to about 35° N. lat. ; 

 B. brevirostris, 1 5", legs vermilion, bill yellow, under wing-coverts grey. Lower part of Behring 

 Sea. 



Also the genus Xetna. Hind toe very small and free. Two species — X. sabinii, 13", legs 

 blackish, bill black, tip yellow, orbital ring vermilion, beneath which is a minute white speck, 

 head deep slate-grey, terminating in a dark black collar, first to fifth quills white, rest black 

 with white tips and broad white margins on inner webs ; X. furcata, 20", legs red, bill black, 

 tip horny, white band at base of the bill, head sooty black, with no terminal collar, first 

 to fourth quills black, with white on inner webs, fifth and sixth tipped white, Arctic regions, 

 and down to 14° S. lat. on the American side of the Pacific. 



Also the genus Khodoslethia. With tail cuneate, and central pair of rectrices produced. 

 One species — B. rosea, 13J", legs red, bill black, orbital ring vermilion, head and below white, 

 narrow black collar, mantle and quills pearl -grey, outer web of first quill black. — In winter : 

 No black collar. Circumpolar, exceptionally to about 54° N. lat. in winter. (B.M. Cat., xxv. 

 161-312.) 



Subfamily SiBENiNiE. Tebns and Noddies. 



Tehar'i, India ; Ramadasu (Telugu) ; \J\n\y&, Ceylon ; My\\-\v*ia.y, Burma. 



Bill almost straight ; both mandibles of about equal length, with acute tips. 

 NostrUs linear. Hind toe small, raised, and free. Web usually scalloped. Tail 

 forked (rounded or slightly pointed in Hydrochelidon and Phaethima). Long 

 pointed wing. More lightly buUt than GuUs, and have a different flight. Feed 

 on fishes. Rarely settle on the water. 



