IMPENNES. 293 



Inner claw like the others. Terminal portion of upper ma/ndible not transversely grooved. 

 Tail of fourteen feathers. 



One genus, Ptychorhampus. With breadth of upper mandible at base greater than the 

 depth. Head and neck devoid of ornamental plumes. One species, viz. — 



P. aleuticus. 9". Above smoky black. Breast and below white. Small patch of white 

 featl^ers above eye. Pacific coasts of N. America. 



One genus, Simorhynchus. With breadth of upper mandible about equal to depth. Head 

 and neck with ornamental plumes. Three species, viz. — 



S. eristatellus. lOJ". The Crested Auk. With long frontal crest, dark brown, curving 

 forwards. Lores uniform brown. Belly grey. Coasts of N. Pacific and Behring Sea, from 

 Japan to Alaska, 



S. pygmmus. 74". The Pigmy Auk. With long frontal crest. White patch on lores. 

 Belly white. From N. Japan. 



S. pusillus. 6i". The Minute Auk. No crest. Forehead and lores with short, narrow, 

 white plumes behind the eye. From Japan and Alaska. 



One genus, Phaleris. With breadth of upper mandible at base less than the depth. Culmen 

 forming a blunt razor edge. Sides of head with ornamental plumes. One species, viz. — 



P. psittaculus. lOJ". The Parroquet Auk, Bill salmon-red. Coasts of N. Pacific from 

 Eurile Islands to Alaska. 



One genus, Cerorhyncha. With rather long bill. Head and neck plumes, and in breeding 

 season an elevated horn at base of culmen. Tail of sixteen or eighteen feathers. One species, 

 viz. — 



0. monocerata. 14". Bill orange. Coast and islands of N. Pacific from Japan to Alaska 

 and California, 



Inner claw much more strongly curved than others. Terminal part of upper mandible 

 transversely grooved. Tail of sixteen feathers. 



One genus, Lunda. Lower mandible without grooves. Lengthened crest of silky feathers. 

 ■One species, viz. — 



Z. cirrhata. 16". The Tufted Auk. Bill vermilion. Tuft of yellow hairy feathers from 

 behind eye. Coasts and islands of N. Pacific, from K. Japan to California. Also off Greenland. 



One genus, Fratercula. Lower mandible grooved. In summer a deciduous nasal shield, 

 and eyelids with deciduous horny appendages. No ornamental nuptial crests. Two Species, 

 viz. — 



F. arctica. 13". The Puffin or Sea-Parrot. Sides of head and chin grey. Collar black, 

 and not extending beyond throat. Basal half of mandibles slate, terminal half carmine, with 

 an intermediate band of pale yellow. Legs orange. Coasts and islands of N. Atlantic and 

 Arctic Oceans, from north of N. America to Nova Zembla, and south to Great Britain, 

 France, Portugal, and Canary Islands. 



F. corniculata. 16". Sides of head white. Collar black, extending to chin. Basal half 

 of mandibles yellow. Coasts and islands of N. Pacific from Sea of Oehotsk to British 

 Columbia. 



Order IMPENNES.* Penguins. 



Beak never hooked. Schizognathous. Breast-bone half as broad as it is long, with a pair 

 of notches posteriorly. First and second digits of the hand fused together in adults. Three 

 metatarsals very short and separated by deep grooves their whole length. No quill-feathers in 

 the wing. No power of flight. Young born helpless and covered with down. Peculiar to 

 Southern Hemisphere. 



Penguins are distinct structurally from all birds. In habits and appearance they resemble 

 Divers, Grebes, and Auks. Externally the small scale-like feathers uniformly covering the 

 whole body (without any bare spaces) are very characteristic. The fore-limbs, having no 

 definitely arranged quill- feathers, more resemble fins than wings. The wing serves as a 

 swimming organ. It shows but little external differentiation, being covered at its interior 

 margin by overlapping scales, which gradually merge into scale-like feathers towards the 

 posterior edge. There is nothing comparable to the remiges of other birds, and this wing 

 probably represents one of the most primitive forms. The skeleton of this extremity is modi- 



* Not represented in India. 



