12 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



in a sterile bottle. The udder should be emptied of milk before the 

 injection is made. After all these precautions have been observed 

 the milking tube may be inserted and through it one-half pint of solu- 

 tion introduced by gravity air pressure or by syringe. There is prac- 

 tically no danger in this mode of treatment if it is properly carried out. 



Injections into the udder are sometimes made in the treatment of 

 garget, but so far with indifferent success. 



By the nostrils. — An animal may be caused to inhale medicine 

 in the form of gas or vapor or to snuff up a fine powder. Sometimes, 

 for the purpose of local treatment, fluids are injected into the nose. 



A medicine inhaled may have a local effect alone or a general effect. 



Medicated steam, carrying the volatile products of creolin, carbolic 

 acid, balsam of Peru, compound tincture of benzoin, tincture of 

 iodine, etc. , may be liberated beneath the nostrils of a cow so that 

 she must inhale these soothing vapors; but such treatment is not so 

 common for cattle as for horses. In producing general anesthesia, or 

 insensibility to pain, the vapor of chloroform or ether is administered 

 by the nostrils. As a preliminary to this it is necessary to cast and 

 confine the animal. Great care is necessary to avoid complete stop- 

 page of the heart or breathing. 



By the trachea. — Medicines are injected into the trachea, or 

 windpipe, in the treatment of some forms of diseases of the lungs, 

 and especially in that form of bronchitis or pneumonia that is caused 

 by lungworms. For this injection a large hypodermic syringe is used 

 that is fitted with a very thick, strong needle. The needle is to be 

 inserted about the middle of the neck and between the cartilaginous 

 rings of the trachea. 



By the skin. — Although a number of drugs, notably mercuiy, are 

 so readily absorbed by the skin of cattle as to render poisoning easy, 

 medicines are not given in this way for their general or constitutional, 

 but only for their local effect. 



Diseases of the skin and superficial parasites are treated or 

 destroyed by applications in the forms of washes, ointments, dips, 

 and powders. Liniments and lotions are applied to the skin for the 

 relief of some near-lying part, such as a muscle, tendon, or joint. 

 Blisters are applied to the skin for the purpose of obtaining the effect 

 of counterirritation upon a neighboring region or organ. Cold water 

 may be applied to the skin to reduce the temperature and to diminish 

 congestion or inflammation in a superficial area or to reduce the tem- 

 perature of the whole body. High fever and heat strokes are treated 

 in this way. 



By the tissue beneath the skin.— Hypodermic or subcutaneous 

 injections are often made for the purpose of introducing a druo- 

 reagent, or vaccine directly into the connecting tissue beneath the 

 skin. Introduced in this way, the substance is quickly absorbed 



