38 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



termed invagination. This form of enteritis occurs occasionally in 

 animals of the bovine species. 



Causes.— The small intestine, which in the ox rests on the right 

 side of the rumen, is, from the position which it occupies, predisposed 

 to this accident. It has been ascertained that animals which have 

 shown symptoms of this malady have trotted, galloped, or made 

 other violent exertions in coming from drinking, or that they have 

 been chased by dogs or by animals of their own species while at pas- 

 ture. The accident is most likely to occur among cattle on very hilly 

 pastures. The danger of jumping or running is greatest when the 

 rumen is distended with food. 



Symptoms.— This form of enteritis or obstruction is manifested by 

 severe colicky pains; the ox scrapes and strikes the ground with his 

 front and hind feet alternately; keeps lying down and getting up 

 again; he keeps his tail constantly raised and turns his nose fre- 

 quently to his right flank; he is frequently bloated, or tympanitic, on 

 that side. He refuses food and does not ruminate, and for some 

 hours suffers severe pains. At first he frequently passes thin dung, 

 and also urinates frequently, but passes only a little urine at a time. 

 On the second day the pains have become less acute; the animal 

 remains lying down; moans occasionally; his pulse is small and 

 quick; he refuses food and does not ruminate. At this stage he does 

 not pass any dung, though sometimes, a small quantity of bloody 

 mucus may be passed. The animal passes very little urine. This 

 condition may continue for a considerable time, as cattle so affected 

 may live for fifteen or even twenty days. 



Post-mortem, appearance. — At death the bowels are found to be mis- 

 placed or obstructed, as mentioned above, and inflamed, the inflam- 

 mation always originating at the point where the intestine has been 

 invaginated, twisted, or knotted. Sometimes the part is gangrenous, 

 the compression of the blood vessels preventing circulation, and thus 

 causing the death of the tissues. 



Treatment. — Purgatives, anodynes, and other remedies are of no 

 service in such cases, and bleeding also fails to produce any benefit. 

 Indeed, it is usually true that in such cases treatment is useless. 

 Some cases are recorded in which an incision has been made in the 

 flank, so as to enable the operator to restore the intestine to its normal 

 position or to remove the kink. 



CONSTIPATION. 



Constipation is to be regarded rather as a symptom of disease or of 

 faults in feeding than as a disease in itself. It occurs in almost all 

 general fevers unless the bowels are involved in local disease, in 

 obstructions of all kinds, from feeding on dry, bulky food, etc. ' In 

 order to remove the constipation the treatment must be applied to 

 remove the causes which give rise to it. Calves sometimes suffer from 



