DISEASES OP THE DIGESTIVE OKGA.NS. 51 



Plate III: 



Fig. 1. Clinical thermometer, $ natural size. This is used t.o determine the 

 temperature of the animal body. The thermometer is passed into the 

 rectum after having been moistened with a little saliva from the mouth, 

 or after having had a little oil or lard rubbed upon it to facilitate its pas- 

 sage. There it is allowed to remain two or three minutes, then with- 

 drawn, and the temperature read as in any ordinary thermometer. The 

 clinical thermometer is made self -registering; that is, the mercury in the 

 stem remains at the height to which it was forced by the heat of the body 

 until it is shaken back into the bulb by taking hold of the upper portion 

 of the instrument and giving it a short, sharp swing. The normal tem- 

 perature of cattle varies from 100° to 103° F. In young animals it is 

 somewhat higher than in old. The thermometer is a very useful instru- 

 ment and frequently is the means by which disease is detected before the 

 appearance of any external sign. 



Fig. 2. Simple probang, used to dislodge foreign bodies, like apples, potatoes, 

 eggs, etc., which have become fastened or stuck in the esophagus, or 

 gullet. 



Fig. 3. Grasping or forceps probang. This instrument, also intended to 

 remove obstructions from the gullet, has a spring forceps at one end in 

 the place of the cup-like arrangement at the end of the simple probang. 

 The forceps are closed while the probang is being introduced; their blades 

 are regulated by a screw in the handle of the instrument. This probang 

 is used to grasp and withdraw an article which may have lodged in the 

 gullet and can not be forced into the stomach by use of the simple 

 probang. 



Fig. 4. Wooden gag, used when the probang is to be passed. The gag is a 

 piece of wood which fits in the animal's mouth; a cord passes over the 

 head to hold it in place. The central opening in the wood is intended for 

 the passage of the probang. 



Figs. 5a and 5&, Trocar and canula; 5a shows the trocar covered by the 

 canula; 5o, the canula from which the trocar has been withdrawn. This 

 instrument is used when the rumen or first stomach becomes distended 

 with gas. The trocar covered by the canula is forced into the rumen, 

 the trocar withdrawn, and the canula allowed to remain until the gas has 

 escaped. 



Fig. 6. Section at right angles through the abdominal wall, showing a hernia 

 or rupture. Taken from D'Aborval, Diet, de Med., de Chir. et de Hyg.: 

 a a. The abdominal muscles cut across; v, opening in the abdominal wall 

 permitting the intestines i i to pass through and outward between the 

 abdominal wall and the skin; p p, peritoneum, or membrane lining the 

 abdominal cavity, carried through the opening o by the loop of intestine 

 and forming the sac S, the outer walls of which are marked b f b. 



Plate IV: 



Fig. 1. The liver is composed of innumerable small lobules, from fa to fa inch 

 in diameter. The lobules are held together by a small amount of fibrous 

 tissue in which the bile ducts and larger blood vessels are lodged. Fig. 1 of 

 the diagram illustrates the structure of a lobule; v v, interlobular veins or 

 the veins between the lobules. These are branches of the portal vein, 

 which carries blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver; c c, 

 capillaries, or very fine blood vessels, extending as a very fine network 

 between the groups of liver cells from the interlobular vein to the center 

 of the lobule and emptying there into the intralobular vein to the center 



