80 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



with the heart entirely outside of the thoracic cavity and contained 

 beneath the skin in the lower part of the neck was kept at the veteri- 

 nary hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for two years, during 

 which time it matured into a well-developed cow. 



WOUNDS OP ARTERIES AND VEINS. 



When a blood vessel is opened it may be told at a glance whether 

 it is an artery or a vein by simply bearing in mind that bright-red 

 blood comes from arteries and dark-red from veins. "When a vein or 

 a very small artery is severed the blood flows from the vessel in a con- 

 tinuous and even stream, but when one of the larger arteries is severed 

 the blood comes from it in intermitting jets, or spurts, corresponding 

 to the beats of the heart. It is well to call attention to the fact that 

 the dark-red blood which flows or oozes from a wound soon becomes 

 bright-red, because it gives up its carbonic-acid gas to the air, and 

 absorbs oxygen gas from the air, which is exactly the change it under- 

 goes in the capillaries of the lungs. 



The general treatment of wounds will be found in another section; 

 here it is only necessary to refer briefly to some of the most practical 

 methods used to arrest hemorrhages, as instances occur where an 

 animal may lose much strength from the loss of blood, or even bleed 

 to death unless action is prompt. 



BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGE). 



The severity of a hemorrhage depends upon the size of the vessel 

 from which the blood escapes, though it may be stated that it is more 

 serious when arteries are severed. If the wound in an artery is in the 

 direction of its length, the blood escapes more freely than if the vessel 

 is completely severed, because in the latter instance the severed ends 

 retract, curl in, and may aid very much in arresting the flow. When 

 the blood merely oozes from the wound, and even in cases where it 

 flows in a small stream, the forming of the clot arrests the hemorrhage 

 in a comparatively short time. 



Slight hemorrhages may be checked by the continuous application 

 to the wound of cold water, ice, or snow, as cold causes contraction of 

 the small vessels. The water may be thrown on a wound from a hose, 

 or dashed on it from the hand or a cup, or folds of cotton cloths may 

 be held on the wound and kept wet. Ice or snow may be held against 

 the wound, or they may be put in a bag and conveniently secured in 

 position. 



Hot water of an average temperature of 115° to 120° P. injected into 

 the vagina or womb is often efficient in arresting hemorrhages from 

 those organs. Tow, raw cotton, lint, or sponges may be forced into a 

 wound and held or bound there with bandages. This is an excellent 

 method for checking the flow of blood until the arrival of an expert. 

 If the flow persists, these articles may be saturated with tincture of iron, 



