86 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



The hygienic and sanitary conditions have always to be considered 

 in connection with the cause as well as the treatment of disease. 

 Much of the disease which occurs in large dairies, as well as else- 

 where, could be prevented if owners and those in charge of animals 

 had proper regard for the fundamental laws of animal hygiene and 

 modern sanitation. Disregard for these laws is the cause of most of 

 the diseases under consideration in this chapter. 



Attitude and general condition. — The feeling of pain in animals 

 suffering from serious affections of the organs of respiration is 

 expressed to the close observer in no uncertain language — by their 

 flinching when the painful part is touched ; by the care with which 

 they move or lie down; by walking or standing to "favor" the part; 

 by the general attitude and expression of the eye ; by the distress and 

 suffering apparent in the face of the sick animal; and by other 

 evidences. 



The general physical condition and attitude of the sick animal tell 

 much to the careful observer that aids him in making a diagnosis and 

 prognosis. Cows suffering from affections of the organs of respira- 

 tion usually assume a position or attitude that is characteristic, well 

 known to experienced stockmen as well as to veterinarians. When 

 an animal has a fever or is suffering from an inflammation, the skin 

 is one of the first parts of the body to undergo a change that is 

 apparent to the average observer. The skin soon loses its elasticity 

 and tone and the hair becomes dry and staring. 



From the general condition or state of nutrition one is able to judge 

 the effect that the disease has already had upon the animal and to 

 estimate the amount of strength remaining available for its restora- 

 tion to health ; from the amount of emaciation one can approximate as 

 to the length of time the animal has been ill. The age and breed of 

 the animal, as well as its constitution and temperament, are among the 

 things that have to be taken into account in making a diagnosis and 

 in overcoming the disease. 



The mucous membrane. — The mucous membrane should in all cases 

 be examined. It can be readily seen by everting the eyelids or by 

 an inspection of the lining membrane of the nostrils. 



Paleness of the mucous membrane indicates weak circulation or 

 poor blood. It may result from inappropriate food, from disease, or 

 from hemorrhage. 



In healthy animals increased redness of the mucous membrane 

 occurs from pain, excitement, severe exertion, and in such instances 

 is always transitory. In certain pathological conditions, such as fevers 

 and inflammation, this condition of the mucous membrane will also be 

 found. The increased redness of the mucous membrane lasts during 

 the duration of the fever or inflammation. 



A bluish or blue mucous membrane indicates that the blood is 

 imperfectly oxidized, and contains an excess of carbon dioxid, and 



