NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OP RESPIRATION ORGANS. 93 



On auscultation, in the early stages, rhonchus rales are detected if 

 the larger tubes are affected, and sibilant rales if the smaller tubes 

 are affected. Later on mucous rales are noted, and sometimes all 

 sounds in certain parts are absent, which is due to the plugging up 

 of the tubes. This plugging of the tubes, if extensive enough, is 

 sometimes the cause of death, or death may result from extension of 

 the disease to the lungs or pleura. 



Treatment— The animal should be placed in a light, well- ventilated 

 box, aud the bowels kept in a soft condition by enemas, etc. Avoid 

 violent purgatives. The body should be kept warm by blanketing. In 

 the early stages give three times daily a draft composed as follows: 

 Extract of belladonna, 2 drams; solution of acetate of ammonium, 4 

 fluid ounces; water, one-half pint. In the later stage of the disease 

 substitute the following formula, which may be given twice daily: Car- 

 bonate of ammonium, 3 drams; liquor hydrochlorate of strychnine, 2 

 fluid drams; spirits of nitrous ether, 1 fluid ounce; water, one-half 

 pint. 



In some cases the following is preferable to either of the above, and 

 may be given in a pint of linseed tea every four hours: Spirits of 

 nitrous ether, 1^ ounces; aromatic spirits of ammonia, 2 ounces; 

 powdered camphor, 2 drams. The food should be light and nutritious. 



Bronchitis is liable to assume a chronic form if not properly treated 

 in the earliest stage. Remedial treatment is of little value when the 

 1 disease becomes chronic. 



PLEURISY. 



i 



Pleurisy is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the 

 chest cavity and enveloping the lungs. It is somewhat rare as an 

 independent disease, but it often complicates pneumonia; indeed, it is 

 often due to the same germ that causes pneumonia — pneumococcus. It 

 may arise from exposure to cold or wet or from external violence and 

 is usually present in some degree in cases where the ribs have been 

 fractured with or without a penetrated wound. 



Symptoms. — In the first stage there is great pain aggravated by 

 movement, and the animal is usually stiff as though foundered, the 

 pulse is quick and hard, the breathing abdominal, the chest being fixed 

 so far as possible, the inspiration short and jerky, the expiration 

 longer. The pain is due to the friction of the dry, inflamed pleural 

 surfaces of the lung and chest on each other. At this stage the ear 

 detects a dry friction murmur resembling somewhat the sound made 

 by rubbing two pieces of sole leather together. Pressure between 

 the ribs gives pain and usually causes the animal to flinch and grunt. 

 The muzzle is hot and dry, the mouth slimy, and the secretions scanty. 

 After a day or two the severity of the symptoms is much lessened, 

 the temperature, which during the first days may have been as high 

 as 106° F., falls to 103° or 104°, the pain decreases, the stiffness dis- 



