94 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



appears, and the patient eats a little. The pulse softens, but remains 

 quicker than normal. Now, day by day the patient loses a little 

 strength, the friction sound disappears as the exudation moistens 

 the pleural surfaces; percussion now shows a horizontal line of dull- 

 ness, which day by day rises higher in the chest, the respiration grows 

 more frequent and labored, the countenance is anxious and haggard, 

 the eyes sink somewhat in their sockets, and in unfavorable cases death 

 occurs during the second or third week, either from asphyxia or heart 

 failure. 



In pleurisy, as in pneumonia, the elbows are usually turned outward. 

 Care must be taken to differentiate pleurisy from traumatic pericar- 

 ditis (which see). In the latter condition the area of dullness of the 

 heart is much increased, and usually a splashing sound is heard at 

 each beat of the heart. Another diagnostic symptom of value is that 

 in traumatic pericarditis respiration is painful, not difficult, and the 

 respiratory rate is very much increased on movement. In both con- 

 ditions a considerable swelling of the dewlap may be noticed in the 

 later stages. 



Treatment. — Give the same general care as recommended in bron- 

 chitis or pneumonia. In the early stages give a febrifuge to reduce 

 the fever, as directed for pneumonia. For relief of the cough give 

 electuary formula, which will be found in the treatment of laryngitis. 

 The bowels must be kept relaxed and the kidneys secreting freely. 

 In the stage of effusion give the following three times daily: Digitalis 

 tincture, 1 ounce ; iodid of potassium, 30 to 60 grains ; mix. Apply 

 strong counterirritant to chest and put seton in dewlap. (See ' ' Seton- 

 ing," p. 291.) If collapse of the lung is threatened, a surgical opera- 

 tion is sometimes performed, termed paracentesis thoracis, which 

 consists in puncturing the chest cavity and drawing off a part of the 

 fluid. The instruments used are a small trocar and canula, which 

 are introduced between the eighth and ninth ribs. Draw the skin 

 forward so that the external wound may not correspond with the 

 puncture of the chest, to prevent the entrance of air. Only a portion 

 of the fluid should be removed. The animal gets immediate relief, 

 but it is generally only temporary, as there is a tendency for the fluid 

 to accumulate again. 



PNEUMONIA. 



This is an inflammation of the lung substance. It is divided into 

 three different forms, viz: First, croupous pneumonia; second, 

 catarrhal pneumonia; and third, interstitial pneumonia. But these 

 various forms can only be differentiated by the expert, and I there- 

 fore deem it necessary for the purposes of the present work to treat 

 the subject under the general head of pneumonia. 



The causes of pneumonia in general are the same as those of the 



