DISEASES OP THE URINARY ORGANS. 125 



resorted to as a counter-irritant. In cupping shave the loins; smear 

 them with lard, then take a narrow-mouthed glass, expand the air 

 within it by smearing its interior with a few drops of alcohol, setting 

 it on fire and instantly pressing the mouth of the vessel to the oiled 

 portion of the skin. As the air within the vessel cools it contracts, 

 tending to form a partial vacuum, and the skin, charged with blood, 

 is strongly drawn up within it. Several of these being applied at once 

 a strong derivation from the affected kidneys is secured. In no case 

 of inflamed or irritable kidney should Spanish flies or oil of turpentine 

 be used upon the skin. 



PARASITES OP THE KIDNEY. 



As the kidney is the usual channel by which the bacteria leave the 

 system, this organ is liable to be implicated when microphytes exist 

 in the blood, and congestions and blood extravasations are produced. 

 In anthrax, Southern cattle fever (Texas fever), and other such affec- 

 tions bloody urine is the consequence. Of the larger parasites attack- 

 ing the kidney may be specially named the cystic form of the echino- 

 eoccus tapeworm of the dog, the cystic form of the unarmed or beef 

 tapeworm of man, the diving bladderworm — the cystic form of the 

 marginate tapeworm of the dog, and the giant strongyle — the largest 

 of the roundworms. These give rise to general symptoms of kidney 

 disease, but the true source of the trouble is only likely to be detected, 

 if the heads or hooklets of the tapeworm or the eggs of the round- 

 worm are found on microscopic examination of the urine. 



TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY (HYPERTROPHY OR ATROPHY). 



The kidney may be the seat of cancerous or simple tumors, and it 

 may be unnaturally enlarged or reduced in size, but though there may 

 be signs of urinary disorder the true nature of the disease is seldom 

 manifest until after death. The passing of blood and of large multi- 

 nucleated cells in the urine (to be detected under the microscope) may 

 ' betray the existence of an ulcerated cancer of the kidney. The pres- 

 ence of cancerous enlargement of (superficial) lymphatic glands may 

 further assist and confirm the decision. 



RETENTION OP URINE. 



Inability to pass urine may come from any one of three conditions — 

 ■ first, spasm of the neck of the bladder; second, paralysis of the body 

 of the bladder; third, obstruction of the channel of outlet by a stone 

 (calculus) (see PI. XI) or other obstacle. 



In spasm of the neck of the bladder the male animal may stand with 

 the tail slightly raised and making rhythmical contractions of the 

 muscle beneath the anus (accelerator wrinai) (see PI. IX, fig. 2), but 

 without passing a drop of liquid. In the female the hind legs are 



