DISEASES OE THE TJBIEABY ORGANS. 127 



median line of the floor of the generative entrance, about 4 inches in 

 front of the external opening, but it is flanked on either side by a blind 

 pouch, into which the catheter will pass, in ninety-nine cases out of a 

 hundred, in the hands of any but the most skilled operator. In the 

 bull or steer the penis, when retracted into its sheath, is bent upon 

 itself like the letter S, just above the scrotum and testicles (see PI. IX, 

 fig. 2), and unless this bend is effaced by extending the organ forward 

 out of its sheath it is quite impossible to pass a catheter beyond this 

 point. When, however, the animal can be tempted by the presenta- 

 tion of a female to protrude the penis so that it can be seized and 

 extended, or when it can be manipulated forward out of the sheath, it 

 becomes possible to pass a catheter of small caliber (one- third inch or 

 under) onward into the bladder. Youatt advised to lay open the 

 sheath so as to reach and extend the penis, and others have advocated 

 opening the urethra in the interval between the thighs or just beneath 

 the anus, but such formidable operations are beyond the stock owner. 

 The incision of the narrow urethra through the great thickness of mus- 

 cular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the anus is especially an 

 operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty. Drawing off the liquid 

 through the tube of an aspirator is another possible resort for the pro- 

 fessional man. The delicate needle of the aspirator is inserted in 

 such cases through the floor of the vagina and upper wall of the 

 bladder in the female, or through the floor of the rectum (last gut) 

 and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally through the lower and 

 back part of the abdominal wall, just in front of the bones of the 

 pelvis (pubic bones), and thence through the lower and anterior part 

 of the bladder near its blind anterior end. After relief has been 

 obtained the administration of belladonna in 2-dram doses daily for 

 several days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the retention. 



When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed 

 by overdistention, we may seek to restore its tone by doses of one-half 

 a dram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily, and by mustard plas- 

 ters applied over the loins, on the back part of the belly inferiorly, 

 or between the thighs. Small doses (2 drams) of balsam of copaiba are 

 sometimes useful in imparting tone to the partly paralyzed organ. 



INCONTINENCE OP URINE (PALSY OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER). 



This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of the 

 spinal cord or from broken back, and in these cases the tail is likely 

 to be paralyzed, and it may be also the hind limbs. In this case the 

 urine dribbles away constantly, and the oiled hand in the vagina or 

 rectum will feel the half-filled and flaccid bladder beneath and may 

 easily empty it by pressure. 



Treatment. — Treatment is only successful when the cause of the 

 trouble can be remedied. After these (sprains of the back, etc.) have 

 recovered, blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the.abdo- 



