190 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



-gers can be passed inside the lower jawbone, and drag the head upward 

 and toward the passage, it unwinds the spiral turn given to the neck 

 in bending back, and greatly improves the chances of bringing forward 

 the nose. If, at first, or if now, the lower jaw can be reached, a noose 

 should be placed around it behind the incisor teeth and traction made 

 upon this, so that the head may continue to be turned, forehead up, 

 toward the spine and jaws down, thereby continuing to undo the 

 screw-like curve of the neck. If, on the contrary, the nose is dragged 

 upon by a cord passing over the upper border of the neck, the screw- 

 like twist is increased and the resistance of the bones and joints of the 

 neck prevents any straightening of the head. As soon as the lower 

 jaw has been seized by the hand or noose, a repeller (PL XX, fig. 7), 

 planted on the inside of the elbow or shoulder most distant from the 

 head, should be used to push back the body and turn it in the womb, 

 so that the head may be brought nearer to the outlet. In this way 

 the head can usually be brought into position and the further course 

 of delivery will be natural. 



But sometimes the lower jaw can not be reached with the hand, and 

 then the orbit or, less desirably, the ear, may be availed of. The ear 

 may be pulled by the hand, and by the aid of the repeller on the other 

 shoulder the calf may be so turned that the lower jaw may be reached 

 and availed of. Better still, a clamp (PI. XVIII, figs. 3 and 4) is firmly 

 fixed on the ear and pulled by a rope, while the repeller is used on the 

 opposite shoulder, and the hand of the operator pulls on the lower 

 border of the neck and lifts it toward the other side. To pull on the 

 upper border of the neck is to increase the spiral twist, while to raise 

 the lower border is to undo it. If the outer orbit can be reached, the 

 fingers may be inserted into it so as to employ traction, or a blunt fin- 

 ger hook (PI. XXI, fig. 8) may be used, or a hook with a rope attached, 

 or, finally, ahook on the end of a long staff. Then, with the assistance 

 of the repeller, the body may be so turned and the head advanced that 

 the lower jaw may be reached and availed of. 



In case not even the ears nor orbit can be reached, a cord should be 

 passed around the neck of the calf as near to the head as possible, 

 and traction made upon that while the opposite shoulder is pushed 

 toward the opposite side by the repeller, assisted by the hand drag- 

 ging on the lower border of the neck. To aid the hand in passing a 

 rope round the neck a cord carrier (PI. XXI, fig. 5) is in use. It fails, 

 however, to help us in the most difficult part of the operation — the 

 passing of the cord down on the deep or farthest side of the neck — and 

 to remedy this I have devised a cord carrier, furnished with a ring 

 at the end, a joint 6 or 8 inches from the end, and another ring on the 

 handle, close to this joint. (PI. XX, fig. 4.) A cordis passed through 

 both rings and a knot tied on its end, just back of the terminal ring. 

 The instrument, straightened out, is inserted until it reaches just 

 beyond the iipper border of the neck, when, by dragging on the cord 



