TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 309 



III. — Cysts which originate independently as the result of pathological changes and 



are nontumorous. 



1 . Cysts for med by the softening and disintegration oflesions Softening cysts. 



2. Cysts formed around parasites Parasitic cysts. 



3. Cysts formed by an outpouring of blood and lymph into the tissue spaces with 



subsequent encapsulation of the fluid _ . .Extravasation cysts. 



Terminology. — The principle of naming tumors is quite simple. 

 The Greek word "oma" (plural "omata") means tumor. This word 

 " oma" is added to the stem of the word ordinarily used to designate 

 the kind of tissue of which the tumor is composed. Thus a tumor 

 formed after the type of fibrous tissue is a fibroma. The only excep- 

 tion to this is in the naming of the two large classes of malignant neo- 

 plasms. There the names were formed from the flesh-like appearance 

 of the one and the crab-like proliferations of the other — namely, Sar- 

 coma (sarks=flesh), carcinoma (karkinos=crab). 



Diagnosis. — In the diagnosis of tumors note is taken of (1) clinical 

 history and (2) examination of the tumor. 



(1) Clinical history. — Circumstances connected with the origin of 

 the tumor and its rapidity of growth may point to an inflammatory 

 swelling rather than a tumor. The location of the tumor at its com- 

 mencement is important, as, for instance, in diagnosing between 

 lipoma and carcinoma, the former being more or less movable under 

 the skin, while a carcinoma develops in the skin. While tenderness 

 on pressure may be caused by compression of a sensitive nerve by a 

 tumor or by tumors of the nerve or nerve sheaths, as a rule this 

 symptom is indicative of inflammatory swelling rather than the exist- 

 ence of a tumor. 



(2) Direct examination of the tumor. — In the application of this 

 diagnosis the trained observer will note color, size, shape, and surface 

 structure, transmission of light, movableness, consistence, resistance, 

 pulsation, and crepitation. Percussion, auscultation, and exploration 

 are also available methods. Finally, miscroscopic examination of the 

 growing portions of the tumor by a pathologist will be found most 

 satisfactory. 



GENERAL TREATMENT OF TUMORS. 



For benign tumors treatment is required only when it damages the 

 animal's value or when merely for sake of appearance. When it is 

 possible, the removal of the tumor by an operation is indicated. If 

 the tumor has a small constricted base, remove by tortion, ligation, or 

 with an ecraseur. Ligation following the incision of the skin with a 

 knife avoids the pain of pressing on the sensitive nerves of the skin 

 and is suitable for tumors of broad base and small bodies. A firing 

 iron, such as is used in line or feather firing, may also be used in 

 removing tumors with small attachments. This not only stops the 

 bleeding, but forms a firm scab under which healing may occur rapidly. 



