TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 311 



cattle, affecting the liver and the mucous membrane of the nasal sep- 

 tum. In the liver they appear as smooth, flat, nonprojecting tumors 

 of a dark-red or purple color and of about the size of a silver 10-cent 

 piece. They are somewhat softer in consistency than the adjoining 

 liver substance, into which they are gradually fused. These tumors 

 are frequently observed by meat inspectors in livers of slaughtered 

 cattle. Treatment of angioma is unnecessary. 



ADENOMA. 



The structure of this tumor is after the type of gland tissue. It is 

 rarely seen in cattle except in combination with cancer or sarcoma. 

 A growth which occurs more frequently in bovines, especially calves, 

 and which in some instances bears a striking resemblance to an ade- 

 noma, is the so-called goiter. 



GOITER (STRUMA). 



This is a noninflammatory enlargement or a hyperplasia of the thy- 

 roid gland. While it can not be definitely classed among tumors, 

 yet, owing to its resemblance to the latter, it will be discussed at this 

 time. The cause of goiter has never been definitely ascertained. 

 Among the most probable causes may be mentioned heredity, insuffi- 

 cient and improper diet, close confinement, unhygienic surroundings, 

 and an unknown toxic substance which is supposed to obtain in those 

 localities rich in magnesium and lime salts. Certain organisms found 

 in goiter have been suspected of producing this trouble, but their 

 relation to the disease has not been satisfactorily proved. A goiter 

 may consist of (1) simple enlargement of the follicles which are filled 

 with albuminous matter (follicular goiter); (2) an increase of con- 

 nective tissues between the follicles, causing the swelling to be dense 

 and resistant (fibrous goiter) ; (3) a great increase in size of one or 

 more follicles, forming a cyst (cystic goiter) ; (4) great dilatation of 

 the blood vessels in the gland accompanied by pulsation with each 

 heart beat (vascular goiter). 



Symptoms. — Goiter may be observed at the side of the throat, 

 reaching the size of a fist or even larger, or it may hang down below 

 the windpipe. In cattle the two thyroid glands are close together, and 

 when the disease affects both there may be but one uniform swelling 

 placed in front of the windpipe below the angle of the jaw. This 

 swelling may be hard, soft, or doughy in consistence, and it may pul- 

 sate like an artery with each beat of the heart. It may cause labored 

 breathing by pressure on the windpipe, and death may result from 

 pressure on this structure, on the gullet, or on the adjoining large 

 vessels. 



Treatment. — In ypung animals the treatment is usually satisfactory, 

 and consists in giving the animal a complete change of food and 

 plenty of exercise in the open air. If the condition appears enzootic 



