406 DISEASES OP CATTLE. 



taken together, they not infrequently weigh from 60 to SO pounds. 

 The bronchial glands, which in the healthy state are not so large as 

 horse-chestnuts, have been found to attain a weight of over 10 pounds. 



In the abdominal cavity tubercles may be found, both in the organs 

 and on the serous membranes covering them. They arc situated pref- 

 erably on the omentum, or caul (see PI. XXXVII, PI. XXXVIII, fig. 

 2), the diaphragm, and the walls of the abdomen. In the liver large 

 and small tubercular masses are occasionally encountered. (See PI. 

 XXXV.) The mesenteric glands (see PI. XXXVIII, fig. 1) are occa- 

 sionally enlarged and tuberculous; likewise the glands near the liver. 

 Tubercles may also develop in the spleen, the kidneys, the uterus and 

 ovaries, and the testicles. 



Tubercular affection of the intestines seems to be qu ite rare, although 

 ulcers of the large intestines have been observed. Nodules may also 

 form under the serous covering of the intestines. 



The brain and spinal cord are occasionally found tuberculous. Of 

 40 cases, Semmer found tuberculosis of the brain in 4. It is not 

 improbable that, owing to the infrequeney of exposing the brain and 

 spinal co;d, tuberculosis may have escaped the attention of patholo- 

 gists,' and it may be that it is not so uncommon as is generally sup- 

 posed. The tubercles occur on the membranes of the brain as well as 

 in the substance of the brain itself. They project into the ventricles 

 as masses, varying in size from a pin's head to a hen's egg. They 

 finally lead to various inflammatory changes. Johne has observed 

 numerous small tubercles on the membranes of the spinal cord. 



Very rarely tuberculous lesions have been observed in the bones 

 and muscles of the body. Not so rare, however, is the affection of the 

 lymphatic glands embedded in the muscular tissue and those which 

 can be felt beneath the skin. These are situated at the joints, under 

 the jaw, and along the neck. 



Tubercular disease of the udder in cows (PI. XL) has received con- 

 siderable attention of late from sanitarians, owing to the infection of 

 the milk with the virus of tuberculosis. According to those who have 

 given this subject special attention, the udder becomes swollen uni- 

 formly and quite firm. This swelling, which is painless, frequently 

 attacks but one quarter, more rarely two, these being usually the hind 

 quarters. The larger milk duets contain yellowish, cheesy particles, 

 in which are many tubercle bacilli. Later on, larger nodules can be 

 felt within the udder, which undergo the various changes to which 

 tubercles ave subject. The udder may grow very hard tothe touch 

 and become very large, weighing in some cases up to 40 pounds. The 

 milk, at first normal, becomes thin and watery after a month or so, 

 and is mixed with flakes and tubercle bacilli. 



As regards the frequency of the tubercular processes in the different 

 organs, the following carefully compiled statistics of the disease in 

 Bavaria and Baden mav serve as a guide: 



