THE ANIMAL PAKASITES OF CATTLE. 503 



more. They vary in width from 4 to 7 feet at the top, and 2 to 3 feet 

 at the bottom, and the depth may be from 7 to 10 feet. A narrow chute 

 through which the cattle are driven leads up to one end of the vat, where 

 a steep slide pitches the cattle into the dipping fluid, through which 

 they swim, and climb out of the vat at the other end, which is built 

 sloping and provided with cross cleats to give the animals a foothold. 

 A draining pen with floor sloping back toward the vat is generally 

 provided. The dip should be used warm, 100° to 110° F., and the 

 cattle should be held in the vat for two minutes to insure thorough 

 action of the dip. The head of each animal should be ducked at least 

 once. Care should be taken that the vat contains a sufficient depth 

 of fluid to swim the animals to be dipped. The dipping fluid may be 

 heated from a steam boiler by pipes or hose, or water heated in large 

 iron cauldrons or tanks may be used for charging the vat, and hot 

 water with a proper quantity of dip added from time to time as the 

 dipping fluid becomes cool. 



If Beaumont oil emulsion be used one treatment will be sufficient. 

 "With other dips two treatments are required, the second treatment 

 being given ten days after the first. The second treatment is neces- 

 sary to kill the few parasites which sometimes escape at the first 

 treatment, either in the egg stage or as fecundated females. 



The following dips are approved by the Department of Agriculture 

 for dipping mangy cattle which are to enter interstate commerce : 



LIME-AND-SULPHUR DIP. 



The lime-and-sulphur dip is made in the proportion of 12 pounds of unslaked 

 lime, 24 pounds of the flowers of sulphur, and 100 gallons of water. 



Directions for preparing 100 gallons of dip. — Weigh out the lime, 12 pounds, 

 and sulphur, 24 pounds. Place the unslaked lime in a shallow, water-tight box 

 similar to a mortar box, or some suitable vessel, and add enough water to slake 

 the lime and form a lime paste or lime putty. Sift into this lime paste the flowers 

 of sulphur and stir well ; then place the lime-and-sulphur paste in a kettle , boiler , or 

 tank containing 30 gallons of water, the water being first heated nearly to the boil- 

 ing point. Boil the mixture for two hours at least, stirring frequently; add water 

 occasionally to maintain the original quantity. Allow the mixture to settle in the 

 tank or draw the entire contents of the kettle or boiling tank into a large tub or 

 barrel placed near the dipping vat and provided with a bunghole about 4 inches 

 from the bottom, and then allow ample time to settle— from two to three hours or 

 more if necessary. When fully settled, draw off the clear liquid into the dipping 

 vat, taking care not to allow any of the sediment to accompany it, as the sediment 

 will injure the wool. The clear liquid thus obtained only requires the addition 

 of sufncient clear warm water to bring the total up to 100 gallons. Flowers of 

 sulphur must be used, and the lime must be of good quality. 



TOBACCO-AND-SULPHUR DIP. 



The tobacco-and-sulphur dip is made with sufficient extract of tobacco, or nico- 

 tine solution, to give a mixture containing not less than five one-hundredths of 

 1 per cent nicotine and 2 per cent flowers of sulphur. Sufficient nicotine would 

 theiefore be furnished for 96 gallons (about 800 pounds) of dip by 1 pound of a 



