PIPISTRELLUS 205 



1863. [Nannugo pipistrellus] var. flavescens Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fur 

 Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xviii, p. 491 (Nassau, 

 Germany). 



1863. [Nannugo pipistrellus] var. nigricans Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fur 



Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xviii, p. 491. Not of 



Bonaparte, 1845 (Nassau, Germany). 

 1863. [Nannugo pipistrellus'] var. Umbatus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fur 



Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xviii, p. 491 (Siegen, Nassau, 



Germany). 



1878. Vesperugo pipistrellus Dobson, Catal. Ghiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 223. 

 1897. Pipistrellus pipistrellus Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., 

 xx, p. 384, October, 1897. 



1904. Pipistrellus pipistrellus mediterraneus Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espafi. 



Hist. Nat., II, p. 273 (Valencia, Spain). 

 1910. Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. pipistrellus mediterraneus Trouessart, 



Paune Mamm. d'Europe, pp. 14-15. 



Type locality. — France. 



Geographical distribution. — Europe from the Mediterranean 

 north to Scotland and Scandinavia, west to Ireland and the 

 Hebrides, east into Asia. 



Diagnosis.- — -Smallest European member of the genus (forearm, 

 27-6 to 32 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 11 to 12 mm.) ; 

 outer upper incisor more than half as high as inner incisor ; 

 large upper premolar separated from canine by a distinct space, 

 the small tooth visible from outer side, its crown area about 

 equal to that of outer incisor ; anterior lower premolar with 

 crown area equal to more than half that of succeeding tooth ; 

 lower canine robust, the length of base along cingulum about 

 equal to length of anterior border of shaft ; tragus with greatest 

 width less than length of anterior border ; thumb short, its 

 length about equal to width of wrist ; length of fifth finger about 

 40 mm. ; posterior edge of wing membrane usually dark. 



External characters. — General form robust, the tail and legs 

 rather short, the membranes relatively thick and opaque. Muzzle 

 with very noticeable glandular swellings extending back to 

 beneath eye. Ear extending about to nostril when laid forward, 

 its general form rather short and broad, though with narrowly 

 rounded tip ; anterior border abruptly convex at base, then 

 essentially straight almost to tip ; posterior border faintly and 

 irregularly concave above, evenly convex below, the antitragal 

 lobe represented by a thickened ridge extending along margin of 

 ear and turning abruptly inward without producing any notice- 

 able break in outline of conch. Inner surface of conch slightly 

 rugose, but without evident cross ridges. Tragus erect, scarcely 

 half as high as conch, its tip broadly rounded, its greatest width 

 (slightly above level of anterior base) about half length of anterior 

 border ; except near tip, both borders are nearly straight or very 

 slightly convex ; posterior basal lobe small but well defined. 

 Wing rather narrow, with no special peculiarities of form, the third, 

 fourth and fifth metacarpals sub-equal (fifth slightly shorter than 



