CANIS 305 



wolves, and the Old World jackals. Two species are known 

 to occur in Europe, one of which is represented by several 

 geographical races. 



KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OP CANIS. 



Condylobasal length of skull less than 200 mm. ; teeth 

 not so large as in the largest domestic dogs (length 

 of upper carnassial 17 to 18 mm.) ; oingulum on 

 outer margin of m l broad and conspicuous (South- 

 eastern Europe ; Jackal) C. aureus, p. 315. 



Condylobasal length of skull more than 200 mm. ; 

 teeth larger than in the largest domestic dogs 

 (length of upper carnassial 25 to 27 mm.) ; cingu- 

 lum on outer border of m 1 narrow, tending to be 

 incomplete at middle (Distribution general; true 



Wolves) C. lupus, p. 305. 



Size rather small (exact dimensions unknown) 



(Southern Spain) C. I. deitanus, p. 315. 



Size large. 

 White of throat not extending uninterruptedly 



on to cheek (Central and northern Europe) ... C. I. lupw, p. 313. 

 White of throat extending uninterruptedly on to 



cheek (Spain except extreme south) C. I. signatus, p. 314. 



CANIS LUPUS Linnaeus. 

 (Synonymy under subspecies.) 



Geographical distribution. — Originally throughout Europe from 

 Ireland eastward and across Asia, now exterminated in the 

 British Islands, Holland and Denmark. 



Diagnosis. — Condylobasal length of skull more than 200 mm. 

 (220 to 255 mm.) ; cheek-teeth larger than in the largest races 

 of domestic dogs, the upper carnassial 25 to 27 mm. in length, 

 but structure not peculiar, the upper molars with narrow, incon- 

 spicuous cingulum on outer side (fig. 61). 



External characters. — General form essentially as in domestic 

 dogs of the " collie " type. Ear moderately long, erect, somewhat 

 pointed, extending about to eye when laid forward. Muzzle pad 

 completely bare. Fore foot with third and fourth digits sub- 

 equal and longest, second and fifth shorter, the large pad-like 

 balls fitting closely between those of third and fourth and the 

 slightly trilobed, heart-shaped main pad, the combined area of 

 balls of digits greater than that of pad ; thumb much shorter 

 than other digits, the nail smaller, but not peculiar in form, its 

 extremity not reaching level of posterior border of main pad, its 

 ball scarcely indicated, no pad at its base ; wrist pad single, near 

 outer side, its area somewhat more than half that of ball of toes. 

 Hind foot essentially like fore foot, but hallux and posterior pad 

 absent. Claws robust, slightly curved, sub-equal throughout. 

 Pads and balls narrowly edged with short hair. 



Colour. — General colour of upper parts, tail, and outer surface 

 of legs yellowish brown or buff, darker along median region of 



