CANIS 



313 



The only known characters by which the skull of Canis lupus 

 can be distinguished from that of the larger domestic dogs is the 

 greater average general size and the relatively larger teeth. In 

 a dog's skull with condylobasal length of 230 mm. the length of 

 upper and lower carnassials is respectively 21 • 6 and 25 - mm. 

 In ten skulls with condylobasal length of more than 200 mm. 

 the average and extremes for these teeth are : upper, 20 • 5 

 (19-22); lower, 24 -0(22 -8-26 -0).* In all the dog skulls which 

 I have examined, representing such different breeds as the pug, 

 fox-terrier, bloodhdund, mastiff, ancient Egyptian, ancient 

 Peruvian, Eskimo (Greenland and Alaska) and American Indian, 

 the teeth are strictly of the wolf type, never showing any 

 approach to that of the jackal (fig. 62). 



Canis lupus lupus Linnaeus. 



1758. [Canis] lupus Linnaaus, Syst. Nat., I, 10th ed., p. 39 (Sweden). 

 1792. C[anis] lupus flavus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 137 (France and 



Germany). 

 1804. Gcmis lupus niger Hermann, Observ. Zool., p. 32. Not of Kerr, 



1792 (Forest of Hagenau, Alsace, Germany). 

 1839. ? [Canis lupus] var. canus de Selys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micro- 



mamm., p. 144 (nomen nudum). 

 1839. 1 [Canis lupus] var. fulvus de Selys-Longchamps, Etudes do Micro- 



mamm., p. 144 (nomen nudum). 

 1841. Lupus orientalis Wagner, Schreber's Saugthiere, Suppl., n, p. 367 



(Europe). 

 1857. Canis lupus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 180. 

 1863. [Canis lupus] var. major Ogerien, Hist. Nat. du Jura, in, p. 59 



(Lower slopes of the Jura). 

 1863. [Canis lupus] var. minor Ogerien, Hist. Nat. du Jura, in, p. 69 



(Higher portions of the Jura). 

 1897. Canis lupus minor Mojsisovics von Mojsvar, Thierleben der osterr.- 



hung. Tiefebenen, p. 241 (Southern Hungary). Based on tbe 



"Rohrwolf," an animal supposed to be smaller and greyer than 



true lupus. 

 1910. Canis lupus and C. lupus lycaonf Trouessart, Faune Mamm. 



d'Europe, p. 90. 



Type locality. — Sweden. 



Geographical distribution. — Northern and central Europe, 

 exact limits of range unknown ; formerly west to Ireland. 



Characters. — Size maximum for the species; general colour 



* Winge (Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 123, 1908) states that in the 

 skull of a dog from a prehistoric grave (Iron Age) in Denmark, the length 

 is 209, and that of the two carnassials 20 and 22-5 respectively, while in a 

 rather large modern "great Dane " the corresponding measurements are 

 255, 22 and 28. This author (p. 124) regards the domestic dogs as derived 

 from Canis aureus. 



t Applied to the wolf of the Pyrenees; but Schreber's plate lxxxix, 

 the basis of the name, is a copy of Bufion's plate xli, representing an 

 animal brought alive to Paris from Canada. 



