366 



CAKN1V0RA 



a well defined postero-internal process on base of protoconid, the 

 posterior crushing heel slightly more than half as large as 

 trenchant portion of tooth ; external form slender, somewhat 

 catlike or squirrel-like, the head moderately elongated, the 

 muzzle pointed, the ears high and conspicuous, the tail long, 

 bushy ; feet digitigrade, the moderately long claws partly 

 retractile ; fur long, dense and soft. 



Remarks. — The genus Martes contains about ten species, some 

 of which are represented by numerous geographical races. Three 

 are known from western and southern Europe. 



KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OP MABTES. 



Third .upper premolar with crown strongly 

 convex on inner side, slightly concave on 

 outer side ; width of inner lobe of upper 

 carnassial nearly equal to that of tren- 

 chant portion of crown ; greatest diameter 

 of upper molar about equal to length of 

 outer border of carnassial ; fur usually 

 finer and softer, and throat-patch more 



yellow (Pine Martens) M. martes, p. 366. 



Throat-patch cream-buff, general colour 



darker (Central and northern Europe)... M. m. martes, p. 372. 

 Throat-patch buff-yellow, general colour 



lighter (Mediterranean region) M.m. latvrurrum, p. 373. 



Third upper premolar with crown evenly bicon- 

 vex ; width of inner lobe of upper car- 

 nassial barely half that of trenchant 

 portion of crown ; greatest diameter of 

 upper molar noticeably less than length 

 of outer border of carnassial ; fur usually 

 coarser and less soft, and throat-patch more 

 whitish (Beech Martens). 

 Condylobasal length of skull in adult male, 

 76 to 79 mm. ; pale throat patch always 

 much encroached on by brown of sur- 

 rounding parts, occasionally obliterated 



(Crete) M. buwites, p. 380. 



Condylobasal length of skull in adult male, 

 79 to 84 mm. ; pale throat-patch seldom 

 much encroached on by brown of sur- 

 rounding parts and never obliterated 

 (Central and southern Continental 



Europe) M. foina, p. 374. 



General hue of upper parts drab M.f. foma, p. 375. 



General hue of upper parts wood-brown .. M.f. mediterranea, p. 380. 



MARTES MARTES Linnaeus. 

 (Synonymy under subspecies.) 



Geographical distribution. — Entire wooded region of Europe, 

 from Ireland eastward into Asia, and from the Mediterranean 

 coast and islands northward to the limits of tree growth. 



Diagnosis. — Third upper premolar with outline of crown 



