42 
in their seales, last a great. number of years. Other material as well 
may be used, such as branches and stems of ti-tree or of jamwood, 
which stand a long time in the wet ground without rotting, are very 
suitable material. An effective material for filling drains, is sand 
whenever it can be scooped or carted from an adjoining area. A 
box drain, four to six inches square, and constructed of jarrah board, 
and bored with holes made with an auger, would answer admirably 
Rubble drains, where stone is available, are cheaply made, and very 
effective. In this method the drains are cut out in the bottom much 
wider than in pipe-making, so as to admit of two sidewalls of stone 
with a space between them. These side walls are built of narrow 
stones to a height of four to six inches, and flat covering stones, 
if available, occupying the whole width of the drain, rest upon them. 
If well done, this method of draining may be taken as almost as per- 
manent as pipe draining; its chief objection being that it does not 
exclude such vermin as rats, rabbits, ete, and these mischievous 
animals soon choke up the drains by scratching soil in them. 
Round tiles are in great’ favour in cultivated fields, but in the 
orchard I have seen instances where they utterly failed to answer 
the purpose they were laid down for. Forest, hedge row, and fruit- 
trees alike all seem to direct their roots towards the underground 
pipes where water and air freely circulate, and in many instances 
penetrate and stop up the drain as effectually as if a tow mop had 
been crammed inside. The failure of a single tile will cause much 
mischief. For this reason I feel diffident in recommending the use 
of draining tiles in the orchard. ‘This system of draining is also 
costly, and cannot systematically be done under £8 to £12 per acre 
in this State, where both pipes and labour are costly. These pipes 
measure 12 inches in length, and vary from 114 inches to 12 inches 
inside diameter. For short distances suitable pipes are two ineh 
to two and a-half inch ones near the sources; for distances, say, 
over 100 yards, they should be inereased near the mouth to three 
inches. Main drains, or collectors, require pipes four to twelve 
