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the roots in earth and both tied in hessian, or they are placed in 
shallow cases with damp sawdust round the roots and a hessian 
cover, and they are kept in a cool and ventilated place. 
On arrival, each tree should be examined for any indication 
of root galls; scale insects, black aphis, borers, or fungoid disease, 
and unless it is accompanied with a certificate of disinfection at the 
nursery, it should be treated by dipping in warm whale-oil soap suds 
(1b. of whale-oil to 3 gallons of water), or in kerosene emulsion 
for a couple of minutes in the ease of insect pests, or in Bordeaux 
mixture in the case of fungoid disease. 
The young trees are then heeled in without delay. For that 
purpose a trench is dug in moist but well-drained soil and the trees 
placed in it, slanting towards the same direction, and loose, well- 
pulverised earth banked up round the roots and every part of the 
stems; the trees will stand in that state until required for planting. 
It happens that they are sometimes barkbound, showing a 
leathery, shrivelled bark. In that case they should be thoroughly 
drenched first and then stratified or covered up with moist loose 
earth or sand, root, stem and branches, for a couple of days or so, 
when, unless too far gone, they assume their healthy look again. 
The best time for planting all sorts of trees is when the sap is 
down, and after the autumn and winter rains have penetrated the 
soil to a good depth. That time in this State will be from May 
till August. Citrus trees are set out after the first autumn 
rain or, better still, late in the winter in August. Do not plant 
while the earth is water-logged, as its handling at that time would 
puddle it, and it would cake round the roots of the tree and sub- 
sequently crack and let in the hot air round the tender roots. 
When lifting from the trench, make, with a sharp pruning 
knife, a clean cut of any bruised root, and taking the tree 
to the hole dug on the spot it is going to occupy, with a few 
shovelsful of earth raise the bottom of the hole so that the collar or 
ground line on the stem is flush with the surface ground of the 
orchard. The tendency until a few years ago has been to plant 
trees, more especially in this State, much too deeply, with the idea 
that during our dry summers, the roots should be put as deep down 
into the ground as possible so as to insure a proper amount of 
moisture being always within their reach. Collar rot, the rotting 
of the roots, stunted growth, are all due to this defective method of 
planting, and to this cause mainly must be attributed the loss of so 
many fruit-trees planted in this country. Deep planting, insufficient 
pruning, deficient cultivation, neglect of pests, may be said to be at 
the bottom of the failure of a great many fruit trees in this State. 
