79 
Our orchardists, as a rule, fail to pay sufficient attention to 
this deep cultivation, with the result that in the height of a dry 
summer the numerous feeders which have taken possession of the 
soil a few inches under the surface of: the ground wither ‘and dry 
up, the plant as a consequence showing signs of distress. Deeper 
ploughing, whilst checking the growth of these superficial roots, 
offers an encouragement to the growth of the deeper-seated ones. 
When an orchard or a vineyard has long been ploughed only three 
to four inches deep, it would be manifestly injurious to deepen the 
cultivation all at once to six and seven inches, as a considerable 
shock would result to the plant by tearing the superficial roots; 
but in a dry and warm summer, such as our Western Australian 
summer, due attention should be paid to the gradual deepening of 
winter cultivation. 
Various sorts of ploughs are made for the purpose; the one 
horse Vine Ploughs of the type specially constructed by Ransome, 
Sims, and Jefferies, of Norfolk; Howard, of Bedford, and other 
good makers are made for vineyard work, and answer splendidly 
for turning the last furrow or two, close up to the trees in the 
orchard, without bruising the bark. They are light, with a short 
beam, and the body thrown six inches off the centre on the mould- 
board side; they do not turn a furrow so deeply as the ordinary 
plough, and the ploughman has complete command over his im- 
plement, being able to throw it out of the furrow instantly should 
it happen to come into contact with a vine stump. 
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Digging Plough. 
A better plough still is the Digging Plough, which, in breaking 
up and pulverising the ground, approaches nearer the spade and 
