80 
the fork than any in the class of work it turns out. The shifting 
principle of the handles and the adjustable head-rack make it pos- 
sible to plough the ground right up to the butt of the trees when 
ploughin® either on or off. It also possesses over the long mould- 
board wrought-iron ploughs marked advantages. It is easier in 
draught and lighter in weight; it is cheaper in price, and the spare ' 
parts can easily be obtained from the agent, and replaced without 
trouble whatever by any ploughman. An “Oliver Chilled, No. 40,” 
costing £4, with a team of two to three horses, will turn a furrow 
nine inches deep and 16 inches in width, and only weigh 130lbs., 
as against 170lbs. to 180lbs. of the wrought-iron plough, cutting 
a furrow six inches deep and only nine inches in width, Patent 
shares with reversible points may be fitted on these Digging 
Ploughs. 
Whilst the long mould-board plough half turns the furrows 
into long symmetrical parallel ribbons, the Digging Plough turns 
and pulverises the ground thoroughly, leaving the surface—especi- 
ally if the land be free and light—comparatively smooth and better 
exposed to the weathering action of frost, sun, air, and rain. It 
is made of cast-iron or steel, the steel ploughs being durable and 
light on draught. The “double furrow” plough is used in the larger 
orchards, and is also fitted with shifting handles and head-rack, 
which enable it to plough fairly close up to the trees, but the single 
furrow is generally used to complete the work. The Dise Plough 
has of late years come out as a capital implement for the strong, 
heavy soils, which are worked with difficulty with the mould-board 
plough, unless the land happens to be put in the right state for 
ploughing. The dises require no “laying,” is not clogged with weeds, 
which it cuts through, and lasts much longer than shares. 
When only one ploughing is done, the earth should be thrown 
away from the trees or vines; while when two ploughings are given, 
the first is generally away from the rows and’ the second to 
the vines or trees. In the first case, it is necessary to afterwards 
level the surface of the ground by means of a scarifier. 
Whenever weeds are high in the field, as sometimes occurs on 
neglected places, or where a green cover crop of peas or some kind 
of leguminous plants has been grown for the purpose of being 
ploughed in and enrich the lighter soils, a short-looped heavy drag 
chain attached to the beam of the plough will bend down the grass 
and facilitate the operation of ploughing. 
In order to break up the wall or strip of hard land in the line 
of the trees, the two ploughings are done crossways; and whenever 
the slope is not too great and the soil too heavy, a gang plough 
turning two furrows at the one operation will get through the work 
quicker, one man with a pair of horses doing nearly as much work 
j 
| 
i 
i 
i 
| 
