85 
To give an idea of the construction of this implement, it may 
be said that the action of each cutter is similar to that of a spade, 
lifting and turning the soil from a depth of four to six inches and 
doing most perfect work. The spades are of forged steel, made S 
shaped, and put together in sets of three each, forming six points 
or spades. Thus in a six feet harrow of 12 sets of spades there 
are «2 small spades cutting and turning the soil. The gangs are 
so arranged that they freely float over the ground, thus enabling 
the most uneven ground to be thoroughly harrowed and left level, 
without any furrows or ridges. The draft is from the under side 
of the pole, and the seat is set well to the rear, making a perfect 
balance, and relieving the horses of any neck weight. For very 
mellow soil, or when going over roads, the rider should not ride, 
so as to lighten the machine. All parts are interchangeable; 
breakages, however, are quite uncommon, and each piece can, if 
necesary, be replaced or repaired in a few minutes. A_ cleaner, 
which is very effective in sticky soils, or long stubble and weeds, is 
supplied with the implement. 
The late Mr. L. Lindley Cowen, who used this spader at Guild- 
ford on rough, fallow ground, hard, compact stubble land, and 
cultivated vine land as well, thus described the work it per- 
forms :— 
“We have had one of the six-feet spaders at work during the 
past four years and find it lighter in draught than I anticipated, 
and far superior in the work it does to the older-fashioned disc 
and cutaway. I tried it in a heavy clay fallow, in a stubble, and 
on light loam, in every case with excellent results. A smart team 
of two horses would do from eight to 10 acres a day. For orchard 
and vineyard work it is admirably suited, as well as for general 
farm work. It appears to be strong, well made, and not likely 
to get easily out of order.’’ 
Several sizes are made, but the one horse three feet width, 
two horses six feet width, are now generally used; a new type 
machine has a forecarriage on wheels instead of the pole, which is 
severe on the horse’s neck. 
Tue Curaway Harrow. 
finds great favour fur loosening, crumbling, and lightening the 
soil. It is an improvement on the Disc Harrow, and consists of 
gangs of dises with four triangular notches eut out so that each 
dise has the appearance of four spades with their tops welded 
together; there are four to six dises on each of the two bars, which 
work in an universal joint, and can be set at any desired angle, 
and rise and fall with the irregularities of the land. The steel 
discs are dished or concave in shape, and as they revolve they lift 
and to some extent invert the soil to the depth they penetrate. The 
seat is placed over the back of the pole, which is balanced by the 
