140 
-while the other shoots from these spurs will be eut back to two 
buds to provide wood and fruiting canes for future pruning. It is 
important that all shoots not required should be rubbed off as they 
appear on the stem. 
2. PERMANENT ARMS AND SHORT SPURS. 
This method of pruning and training is typically represented 
by the Zhomery espalier, named after the favourite method of 
pruning followed by the vinegrowers of the fertile village of 
Thomery, near Paris. It is one well adapted to our local require- 
ments. 
Tt consists of two main arms set horizontally on each side 
of the stem along the lower wire. Along those permanent arms 
spurs are left at intervals of nine to ten inches. The interval be- 
tween the first spur on each permanent arm is 12 inches or a little 
more. It is essential, more particularly in the case of trellised 
vines, that there should be one stem only to each vine; in the case 
of the Thomery espalier it is important that the right and the left 
arms should start as nearly as possible from the same level, so 
as to better equalise the flow of sap and avoid wide blanks 
being created and much of the space available over costly 
trellises remaining idle. To guard against this the arms should 
be encouraged to spring from the stem at about the same level and 
they should be trained sharply along the first wire, thus giving to 
the vine the form of the letter T. For this purpose, as soon as the 
stem has grown three or four joints above the lower wire it is 
pinched just above the bud which is level or is nearest to that wire; 
this is done sometimes in the summer. From the end of this still 
tender shoot another small shoot will grow, and this is also pinched 
back, generally when it is one or two inches long. The vine being 
still in full growth, another shoot will soon appear from that 
terminal bud which has been strengthened by this process of pinch- 
ing back. This shoot is allowed to grow; it carries at its base a 
cluster or two, or it may be more, buds. At pruning time, when 
mature, cut back to the point (a) indicated on the figure. From 
these shoots will grow, the stronger two of which are bent down, 
directly they cease to ke brittle, io the wires, where they are 
fastened. 
Before the end of the season, and when they are a foot or two 
long, these horizontal shoots are pinched back, with the result that 
they will throw up laterals which will form the bases of the spurs 
the following season. It is not advisable to give to the permanent 
arms their full length the first year, but it is preferable to add a 
few joints to the arms every year until the space from vine to vine 
