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along the lines has been filled up. This is done by always pruning 
to a lower bud the last joint left on the vine, and from this lower 
bud will grow a shoot which will naturally take a horizontal direc- 
tion. An upper bud would probably throw up a shoot which would 
have to be bent down and would show by a kink the interruption 
in the growth of the arm. Once the spurs are established they are 
cut every year to two buds, as has already been explained. 
3, PrerRMANENT ARmMS—Mixep or Haur-Lone PRuNING. 
An example of this method of pruning is the Cazenave cordon. 
The only advantage it possesses over the Thomery espalier is that, 
being one-sided, there is no occasion to use when pruning the amount 
of discrimination necessary when training a vine espalier fashion, 
in which ease the proper equilibrium of the plant is maintained or 
re-established by keeping the two arms in the same state of vigorous 
growth, if they are of equal development, or by favouring the 
growth of the weaker arm by hard pruning if found necessary so 
to do. Although the figure does not show it, three wires are 
better than two in training vines according to this method. If the 
distance from vine to vine is too great, the cordon is not all laid 
down at once, but half of it may be trained first, the cane being 
cut to a lower bud, which will produce a straight horizontal shoot 
which will be utilised for lengthening the cordon. 
The permanent arm is made to grow spurs, which each produce 
a fruiting cane and a wood spur. It takes four seasons to properly 
form a Cazenave cordon. 
Training Vines—A convenient method of training on wire, 
which obviates the necessity of tying the rods in the early summer, 
consists in using three wires. The first strained one inch or two 
inches above the crown; above this 15 to 16 inches and on the same 
level two wires are placed, stapled to opposite sides of the post. 
The growing shoots are merely pressed between these wires with- 
out tying. 
Where tying is practised, New Zealand flax, bullrushes, or old 
twine is used. Rye straw is much used in France, and small plots 
are grown for that purpose. 
4. PRUNING THE SuLTANA (CAzzENAVE PRUNING MODIFIED). 
This is a very neat and very useful way of training vines re- 
quiring long pruning and growing vn rich ground. It is thus seen 
