153 
would be turned into wood growth, destined to be cut off in the 
winter, is saved, and the enerey and the vitality of the plant thrown 
into more useful channels. This practice leads to the enunciation 
of the fact that severe winter pruning induces wood growth, while 
summer pruning tends to 
fruit production. Thus, 
if a tree is stunted, and 
for some obscure reason 
does not make much 
wood, but shows a tend- 
ency to produce more 
fruit buds than it ean 
safely carry. prune close 
in the winter; if, on the 
other hand, a tree grows 
so quickly that all its 
energy is wasted in wood 
and leaves, and does not 
pause to produce fruit, 
either summer pruning or 
root }runing will throw 
it into bearing. By such 
means the plant, realising, 
while in full flow of sap, 
that its constitution has 
been attacked and its life 
menaced, will make an 
effort to reproduce its 
kind forthwith, and th 
result’ will be the evolu 
tion of leaf buds int. 
Young standard tree, four years from fruit-bearing spurs. Sub- 
the bud, after pruning.—Barry. : . 
sequent prunings consist 
mostly in rubbing off water shoots, in suppressing branches that 
cross and rub against one another, and trimming the twigs and the 
fresh growth made during the season's growth. At this stage the 
tree will have ceased making much wood, and will begin the business 
of setting and carrying fruit crojs. F 
REDUCTION OF SWELLINGS AND HIpE-BOUND TREEs. 
At the time of pruning swellings are occasionally noticed on 
the stems or limbs of trees. These swellings are either due to the 
disproportionate growth of the scion or fruiting part, compared 
with the stock or root end of the tree. 
They may also Fe due to strings used in previous seasons as 
ties, which have cut through the bark. These swellings, which 
interfere with the free circulation of the sap, must be reduced. This 
is best done by running longitudinal incisions from C downwards to 
