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back, as explained further on, but allowed to bear as they like 
best, z.e., at their extremity; the weight of the fruit bending them, 
cause some of the buds at the top of the bend to swell and mature, 
when the shoot may safely be cut back and shortened. 
The Bartlett pear has much the same habit of bearing. The 
Winter Nelis, on the other hand, typifies those kinds which only 
bear on the small wood spurs on the main branches, and the twigs 
or darts as a rule are not fruitful. 
The method described is pursued until the main growths of 
the tree become very short or almost cease to move at all, when a 
certain number of these fruit spurs are eut off, so as to induce 
new growth. The rapid formation of numerous fruit spurs will 
stunt a tree; when this is the case they should be eut out at 
pruning time, otherwise the trees will be short lived. On the other 
hand, with such varieties as Ben Davis and Baldwin apples, which 
have a more compact form and a better distribution of fruit, thin- 
ning the branches should be practised after the bearing stage is 
reached. A wise rule to follow consists in cutting out or back 
every year to get a healthy growth of wood. 
According to the habit of growth of the tree it is pruned to an 
inner bud, if it is intended to close it in, as in the case of the 
Yellow Bell Flower, which would otherwise soon reach the ground, 
like a weeping willow; to an outer one, if it grows too straight up 
after the manner of the Northern Spy or the Bartlett pear, which 
grow like pop!ars. If it is intended to train a branch in the 
straight line, it is pruned to an outer bud one year and to an inner 
bud the next year. 
The branches of irregular-growing sorts, or of those exposed 
to the influence of high winds, will require to be secured for some 
time by stakes and soft-tying matérial. 
If we examine a young shoot of an apple or a pear tree of 
the previous season's growth in the winter when the tree is in a 
dormant stage, we find leaf buds all 
along its length. When the sap begins 
running, in the spring, the terminal 
buds produce wood shoots, the others 
on the middle of the twig called 
‘darts’? are either transformed into 
fruit buds straight away, or produce 
short side shoots, which in subsequent 
years carry fruit buds. The buds at the 
base remain dormant unless excited into 
life by the suppression of these above 
them, so that by shortening a branch 
Small shoot in the middle of the sap, which naturally has a tendency 
beanel Calne “Aerts” to rush to the points, feeds these small 
