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When the young vines grow the canes, a single one to each plant 
is trained up a light pole to the two wires which are stapled parallel 
and about six inches apart on top of the posts. The wire used 
is ordinary fencing wire. No laterals are allowed to grow along 
the stem, which is nipped when it reaches the wire when one leader 
is trained along the wire to which it is loosely tied. If two leaders 
are preferred they are trained T fashion. The shoots fasten them- 
selves to the wire by means of tendrils and are allowed full sway. 
By the second season the trellis presents the appearance of a cur- 
tain of leaves and shoots which carry the crop. To encourage the 
winter crop the pruning is done in October or early in November by 
cutting these fronds a foot or so under the wire and the vines are 
heavily manured to force strong growth which will carry a main 
winter crop which will be harvested between Easter and the spring 
time. 
PRUNING THE RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY. 
At the time of planting choose root canes or suckers with a 
good root system attached; cut the cane back about 12 inches above 
the ground. From the base, strong and sturdy fruit canes will 
spring up. During the summer keep weeds down by frequent 
shallow hoeing, and at the same time knock off the superabundant 
suckers that may appear, leaving only from four to six. Deep 
digging with the spade or hoe is injurious to the plant, cutting its 
tufts of fibrous roots, which are surface feeders and nourish the 
erops. The plant carries deep, strong, woody roots as well, which 
produce and support the canes. 
When the canes are several feet long they are topped off, and 
the subsequent laterals are pinched back about 12 inches from the 
stem. In the autumn, after the crop has been gathered, the old 
canes, which will not fruit any more, are cut off close to the ground 
< <== 
by means of a bent sharp hook fixed at the end of a long cane. 
This implement may be made of an old rasp; the eutting edges 
come together at a point hke the letter V, and will eut on both 
edges, while it will also catch and hold the cut wood, which has to be 
removed from amongst the canes left on the plant. Thus the 
newer canes have a better chance, under the additional amount 
of sun and air they get, to mature and become more fruitful. 
These should have 10 to 12 inches of their ends cut off, as this 
part has not summered properly and is of no value. By this 
means also noxious insects and fungoid diseases are also better 
destroyed, and the cutting of the spent canes is easier than if they 
were dead and dry. 
