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early spring amongst deciduous trees, and before the trees bloom. 
In regard to evergreen trees, such as those of the citrus tribe, it 
is immaterial at what time, so long as the trees are systematically 
and regularly fed. It is recommended for citrus trees to divide the 
amount of chemical nitrogenous manure to be applied during the 
year into two applications. 
Experience will teach the orchardist how to regulate the 
spread of any quantity of the manure whilst covering an acre 
of land. 
The following rule-of-thumb practice is found to be fairly 
correct for such fertilisers as potash salts, and nitrate of soda, 
sulphate of ammonia, or any fertiliser of approximately the same 
weight. 
In broadcasting, sowing a handful at each step, the right foot 
steps forward, and scattering it 12 to 15 feet in breadth, there 
will be applied 150 to 200 pounds per acre. 
Non-soluble fertilisers, such as bonedust, if sown by them- 
selves, it is preferable not to sow broadcast for the manuring of 
orchard or vineyards, as this practice draws the roots from under- 
neath to the surface, where they are periodically hacked about 
by the tines of the searifier. A better plan is to set the plough to 
its full depth of 8 to 9 inches and open a furrow up and down the 
centre of the land between the two rows of trees or vines and 
sowing in these deep gutters the amount of insoluble fertiliser it is 
meant to give to each acre of land. When this is done, the plough 
is again set to its proper depth and the earth is thrown back on 
to’ the manure, which is thus buried under. Should the land be 
too stiff, or the team too light for opening such deep furrows, the 
plough can be run once again in the bottom of a first top furrow, 
and the requisite depth is thus attained. In this manner numerous 
small rootlets issue from the severed roots of the plants and go 
and feed on the manure in the deep trough, twisting and coiling 
around each particle. When trees are manured by means of in- 
soluble fertilisers, dig with the spade, some three to four feet from 
the stem, three trenches a foot deep and several feet long, in the 
form of a triangle; place the manure at the bottom of these 
trenches and cover up with soil. When manure is forked into the 
eround, it should not be applied right against the bole of the tree, 
but a small distance away. The plate in the article on mulching 
illustrates the distribution of the main roots and of the rootlets in 
the ground. The first, whose main functions are to brace up and 
support the structure, is fairly barren of rootlets; they give rise 
to branch roots which, in their turn, carry towards their periphery 
the fibrous rootlets, which are in a true sense the feeding mouths 
of the plant, and absorb the moisture and food required by the 
growing tissues. The diagram shows where water and manure 
should be applied and where mulching does most good. 
