415 
Another wash, much used in the South of France, is one of 
silicate of potash. A first application of a solution of 25 per cent. 
of this substance is applied with a brush, and after two or three 
days, when quite dry, the walls of the vat are washed with fresh 
water; when dry, the inside of the vats again receives a second 
coating of a 50 per cent. solution of silicate of potash, and is lett 
to dry for a few days, when the vats are again thoroughly washed 
with water. A coating of silicate of lime, which is unattackable by 
wine, then lines the vat. 
As an improvement on the brick and cement vats already de- 
scribed, it would, I believe, tend to strengthen the structure and 
prevent possible cracks to run a thin band of galvanised hoop iron 
between each alternate course of bricks. 
CRUSHER AND STEMMER. 
As the grapes are carted to the fermenting shed they are trans- 
ferred from the boxes or the barrels in which they were placed at 
di 3 
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WZ 
A ii) 
ay 
Stemmer and Crusher. 
the vineyard into the crusher. In the old days of wine making 
crushing was done either with bare feet or with the feet shod 
with specially constructed boots or wooden sandals, Since then 
