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great progress has been achieved in the direction of reducing the 
grapes into a pulp by modern machinery makers. 
The following illustrations show two types of an excellent 
stemmer and crusher, of French make, which have been copied with 
more or less success by both American and Australian makers. As 
regards efficiency, workmanship, and durability they are, however, 
superior to many I have seen at work. 
Mc T=) 
Grape Stemmer and Crusher. 
No. 1 Mabille crusher and stemmer, which is the smallest model 
made, can be worked with ease by one man, and puts through about 
two tons of grapes within the hour. These grape-crushers can also 
be provided with a pulley for working the machine by motor if 
required. The cost was in pre-war days £18 at the factory exclusive 
of packing, railway and shipping freight to Fremantle, and duty, 
which would amount to another £12 or so. 
Several devices are used for conveying the grapes from the 
dray to the crusher, which it is often found convenient to have at 
such a height above the ground that the crushed grapes will run 
by gravitation along a chute into the fermenting vats. The 
simplest, but most costly in the first instance, is an elevated 
