506 
In order to guard against the invasion of other germs, it is 
desirable to sow the right kind, and unless good vinegar is at hand 
a culture must be made. For that purpose take a saucer or a 
shallow vessel, in which place a weak wine a little acetified with 
good vinegar and place in a warm place where it is not disturbed; 
when a veil appears place on the surface of the wine in an ullaged 
cask. 
This is the old “Orleans” method. The only drawback is that 
it is slow, taking about two months before good vinegar is made. 
For household use, when consumption is moderate, it does not mat- 
ter. Take a cask, or if a quantity is to be handled several casks, 
bore a hole 84 up the heads and opposite, cover these holes with 
mosquito netting or with cheese cloth, to keep out vinegar flies and 
insects. The hoops must be painted to prevent the vapours of acetic 
acid attacking them. In front, between the wooden tap and the air 
hole, a bent glass tube is tightly fixed in a cork to show the level of 
the liquid. ; 
\Diagram of a Vinegar mother cask (Orleans method), 
The cask must be securely fixed to prevent shaking, which 
would break the veil and interfere with the growth of the ferment. 
For the same reason a glass tube is put into the cask, through 
the bung-hole, through which the wine is periodically poured to 
keep up the same level. To start operations, reduce the strength of 
the wine to about 10deg. to 12deg. proof, add one-third good vine- 
gar, bringing the level up to half an inch of each air hole. At the 
end of four to six weeks, vinegar may be drawn and an equivalent 
quantity of weak wine added. 
During the process of acetification there is an evaporation of 
about 10 per cent. 
The German Method is quicker than the Orleans method and is 
continuous. The loss by evaporation of the aleoholie liquid during 
the process of acetification is greater than in the case of the Orleans 
method and the ethers which give the bouquet which are developed 
in the course of the first method are less noticeable in this method. 
The apparatus consists of an elongated cylindrical wooden cask 
or generator. The top head consists of a lid provided with a large 
hole through which the liquid is fed, and another one with a piece 
