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All insects, injurious or beneficial, have many natural enemies 
of their own to contend with. Some are of a higher order in the 
scale of animal classification, such as lizards, frogs, and other rep- 
tiles; birds, moles, ete. Others, more numerous, belong to the insect 
world itself. 
Amongst these, some attack noxious insect pests from the out- 
side, and either devour them or suck their vital juices; they are 
called predaceous insects, e.g., ladybirds, spiders, soldier bug, black 
ground beetle. 
Others, called parasitic insects, differ from the predaceous ones, 
in so far as they live inside the bodies of their victims, and ulti- 
mately kill them. Amongst these parasitic insects the more numer- 
ous are ichneumon wasps, which entomologists classify amongst 
the hymenopterous, or four-wing flies. Another class of flies, with 
only two wings, and for that reason known as dipterous insects, 
contribute largely to the ranks of insect parasites. 
But even these parasites are frequently subject to the attack of 
still smaller parasites, which prove as fatal to them as they did to 
their insect hosts. The first of these parasites are, for that reason, 
known as “primary parasites,” to differentiate them from the second, 
called “secondary parasites.” When introducing parasites into an 
orchard or a garden, therefore, it is of the greatest importance that 
we should have a clear idea whether we are introducing an ally 
which will prove beneficial, or whether we will add to the list of 
our pest enemies another insect which will prove mischievous. Such 
a work is better left in the hands of experienced people, and may 
prove a dangerous tool in those of the tyro gardener. 
Besides insect parasites, injurious insects are also attacked by 
even more minuscule foes. These are germs of contagious diseases, 
which at times stop an insect plague with remarkable suddenness. 
These germs are of two orders: some bacterial and inward, 
e.g., green potato and tomato caterpillars; others, superticial, cover 
their victims with silklike threads, and belong to the mould family, 
e.g., the African locust fungus—the housefly fungus. 
GARDEN AND ORCHARD CROPS—THEIR PESTS AND 
REMEDIES. 
In a tabular form, I have grouped those insect and fungoid 
pests which attack our orchard and garden crops. A few words 
concerning the more prominent amongst these pests will follow. 
