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Bark Brownina.—G. Massee describes on young apples, 
plums, peaches, and other species of rosaceous plants a bark trouble 
caused by a fungus Hutypella prunastri. The first outward indi- 
cation is a slight browning of the stem bark which soon becomes 
hard, dry, and inseparable from the wood. As time goes the my- 
celium continues to grow inward, killing the cambium or growing 
wood, thus preventing the upward flow of sap. The second season 
the leaf buds either do not expand at all or imperfectly and during 
the summer the branches die through a lack of food. Minute trans- 
verse cracks are then seen on the dead bark ; these contain small 
clusters of the fruiting organs of the fungus ; there is no other out- 
ward appearance and the tree is often believed to have been killed 
by drought or some attack on the roots. 
Infection takes place through punctures caused by insects, 
and through the cut ends of twigs. The spores mature in the 
Spring and it is recommended not to prune during that time. In 
the case of infected trees the wounds made by pruning should be 
coated with tar or some other substance. Insects, especially 
aphides should be held in check. See “‘Canker’’ below—a some- 
what similar trouble. 
Brown Ror or Fruit (Monilia fructigena, Pers.).—Attacks 
apples, plums, cherries, peaches, almonds, and other kinds of 
orchard fruit. It is caused by a fungus which produces its spores 
in chains, and hence called Monilia fructigena. 
Although more frequently observed on the fruit. it occurs also 
on the young shoots, leaves, and even the flowers. 
On the leaves in the spring, it shows as thin, velvety, olive- 
brown patches, consisting of barrel-shaped spores, originating from 
mycelium present in the tissues of the leaf. 
At maturity the spores are carried by rain, wind, insects, birds, 
and on the surface of healthy fruit. Of these the disease first 
shows as brownish scattered patches on the skin. The fruit attacked 
does not readily rot, but dries up and remains in a mummified con- 
dition through the winter, either on the ground or on the tree. 
From these, innumerable blackish sclerotie, or storage organs, 
bearing in the spring a crop of spores, renew the infection. 
This disease is, in places, the worst the plum-growers have to 
deal with. 
The remedy consists in picking, removing, and burning all 
these mummified fruit. Snray thoroughly before the buds burst. 
Suppress bark and skin-nibbling insects in the spring. Spray with 
Bordeaux mixture when the fruit is forming. 
CaNKeER is first cansed bv a bruise or a laceration of the bark 
of the branch, and the invasion of the wonnd bv a funeus (Nectria 
and other funci), which prevents a healthy healine up of the dam- 
azed tissues, The claws of climbing animals, the bite of gnawing 
insects, and other causes bring about this trouble, 
