590 
It was introduced into the United States, from Europe, soon after 
the first settlements were founded. In 1874 it appeared in Cali- 
fornia, and is supposed to have been brought in old fruit boxes. 
It appears to have been introduced into Australia from California, 
and was first recorded from Tasmania sixty years ago, in 161. 
During that time it has ruined many a fruit grower, and even now 
levies a heavy tax on most apple growers in the Eastern States 
of Australia, as well as New Zealand and Tasmania. 
This pest does not attack apples exclusively, but it is also 
found, although not so commonly, in pears and quinces. When 
driven to it, the moth also turns its attention to hard-flesh plums, 
peaches and apricots. It has been seen (but very rarely) on the 
cherry and walnut. Although reported in the tomato, the grubs 
have in every instance proved to be the well-known pests of that 
fruit, the Heliothis armigera, or Mamestra composita, whose grubs 
are much larger than that of the codlin moth. 
In Bulletin 142, Cornell University Experiment Station, on 
the Codlin Moth, 1898, by M. V. Slingerland, the following estima- 
tion of the amount of damage done by the moth occurs:—“Con- 
servative estimates put the annual loss from its ravages, in all 
countries where it is noticeably destructive and but little is done 
to check it, at from 25 to 75 per cent. of the crop of apples. 
Where modern methods of combating the insect are practised this 
percentage is often reduced one-half or more.” 
Lea, in 1900, estimated the loss annually caused in Tasmania 
by the codlin moth at £30,000, “this, however, is probably far below 
the mark.” 
“A loss in an orchard of 50 per cent. is by no means uncom- 
mon, and I have myself (says Lea) seen an orchard near Launces- 
ton every apple in which was struck, and many of which contained 
two, three, or four grubs. From an orchard near Hobart as many 
as 11,000 infested apples have been picked to the acre.” At five 
apples per pound this would give 2,200lbs., and at 40lbs. of apples 
to the case, 55 cases of grubby apples per acre. 
Western Australia, as already stated, is not yet known to be 
infested with the codlin moth; and this is entirely due to its com- 
parative isolation, and to the wise legislation introduced some thirty 
years ago, and prior to the introduction of Responsible Government. 
The measure, an Order-in-Council, under date 7th March, 1889, 
absolutely prohibited the importation of apples, pears, and quinces 
on any point of the West Australian coast south of Champion Bay 
and the port of Geraldton. The late Bureau of Agriculture has often 
been given credit, or has been abused, for this wise piece of legis- 
lation, but it is seen that the Order-in-Council was enacted some 
five years before the Bureau was constituted, 
