596 
in force in Tasmania meet with many opponents, says Lea. 
“Firstly, from those people who object to being compelled to do 
anything; secondly, from those who think it useless; thirdly, from 
those who, on account of their orchard being lightly infested, think 
it is too expensive to bandage and spray hundreds, or perhaps 
thousands, of trees to catch a few grubs.” That class of people will 
always be found in any community, and therefore it is to natural 
enemies and to enternal parasites of the codlin grub that we must 
look to in order to minimise the tax it levies on infested orchards. 
It is a fact worth noticing that, in those countries where the apple 
tree found its birth place, there nature has widely provided natural 
enemies, whose functions in life is to keep in check those insects 
which prey on the fruit. In America, in Australia, and in South 
Africa, where apples, although introduced, flourish as well, if not 
better than on the continent of Europe, the codlin moth was also 
introduced, but many of its natural enemies and parasites must have 
accidentally been left behind. The balance of nature has in 
consequence been disturbed, and the moth has been having it 
pretty well all its own way. Artificial means, such as fumigation, 
spraying, bandages, and quarantine laws have, no doubt, done good 
work, but gradually and surely the pest is spreading, and is getting 
more troublesome. In Devonshire, in Herefordshire, in Normandy 
and other localities famed for their apples all the world over, no 
fumigating, no spraying, no bandaging are practised, and yet there 
apple-growing continues to be a remunerative and a national in- 
dustry. It is to these localities that the American, the South African, 
and the Australian apple-growers will have to look for help, in 
the shape of codlin parasites. 
The Americans are now well impressed with this fact, and they 
are already out in the field collecting these parasites and enlisting 
them in their warfare against the moth. 
What these natural enemies are is a question of considerable 
moment for the apple-growers, and a list is here given, many names 
of which are taken from Mr. A. M. Lea’s report. 
Birds.—Hens in an infested orchard pick up a great number 
of codlin grubs and tear them out of their cocoons; in fact they ean 
easily be trained to follow those engaged in lifting the bandages, 
and are found to be of great assistance. In America, woodpeckers 
and robins unceasingly seek after these worms during the winter 
months. In Tasmania, goldfinches, crows, starlings, and Sparrows 
eat enormous numbers of the grubs, the last two, however, in other 
ways prove themselves destructive birds. In Germany and other 
parts of Europe the tom-tits do good work. 
Mammals—Mice and rats and bats devour many of these in- 
sects. 
Insect enemies are numerous; of these the internal parasites 
are amongst the most useful, They include three from Europe, 
