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these insects or their eggs can be transported long distances while 
yet alive, on fruit or living plants, has caused many species that 
infest cultivated plants to become world-wide in distribution, and 
some have found their way into this State, and it is only those that 
have that will be dealt with in this book. 
In general outward appearance the female insects present very 
variable forms. They may be either naked or covered over with 
some kind of a shield, which may be fibrous, or waxy, or cottony; 
or they may have simply a thin, powdery meal scattered over them. 
The covered insects are, of course, stationary, although in some 
eases, before reaching their full development, they move about, 
carrying their covers with them. The naked insect may be either 
stationary or active. . 
They attach themselves either to the bark or the stem of a 
plant or to the leaves. In the latter case they are seldom found on 
the upper side, but on turning the leaf over the under surface is 
frequently found covered thickly with them. 
In many cases they exude, in the form of minute globules, a 
whitish, thick, gummy secretion, answering probably to the 
“honeydew” of the Aphididae. This secretion drops from them to 
the plant, and from it grows a black fungus (Fumage salicina), 
which soon gives an unsightly appearance to the plant. This fungus 
or “smut” is an almost invariable indication that a plant is attacked 
by insects, and may, indeed, give a useful warning to growers. It 
is not, however, produced in appreciable quantities by all species. 
Some species lay eggs, while others bring forth their young 
alive. Some species are covered with a hard shell, and others with 
a soft. So that an intelligent appreciation of the life history and 
habits of these scale insects is necessary to enable any one to select 
and apply, with any probability of success, a remedy. 
Once scale insects have established themselves in an orchard 
it becomes most difficult to eradicate them. It is easy, however, to 
check their spread and to keep the trees in a clean and healthy con- 
dition. Our experience of introduced scale jrarasites has given the 
most satisfactory results in combating the pest. 
Brown Grape Scare (Lecanium ecymbiform, Sign.). 
This scale was first observed in this State about ten years ago, 
infesting the grape vines in the vicinity of Perth. The adult 
female, in colour, is light brownish, and not unlike Lecaninum hes- 
peridum in shape, but is very much larger. Like other species of 
Lecanium that produce only one generation a year, their develop- 
ment is slow. The larve, when first hatched, are a pale yellow in 
colour, and at once locate upon the leaves, their development being 
slow until they take up their position upon the young cane or stem 
