FOREST TREES. 199 



^. Catcsba;!, Michx. — Turkey Oak, Scrub-oak. — Leaves rather 

 thick and broad, narrowed into a short stalk, deeply lobed, the 

 lobes very acute, from a broad base, six to nine inches long. 

 Acoms rather large, but quite short, set in a thick turbinate cup 

 an inch broad, the upper scales curved inward. A small, scraggy 

 rough-barked tree in dry pine-barrens, from North Carolina to 

 Florida. 



Q. cinerea, Michx. — Upland WUlow Oak. — Leaves entire, about 

 three inches long, and less than an inch wide, obtuse or acute, 

 white tomentose beneath, persistent, and almost evergreen. 

 Acoms small, almost round, the cup enclosing about one-third 

 of the nut. A small tree, twenty to thirty feet high in the pine- 

 barrens of North Carolina and Florida. Michaux states that 

 this species, like that of the Black Oak, affords a beautiful yel- 

 low dye, but the tree is too small to be of much value, even for 

 fuel. Var. pumila, Michx. Q. pumila, "Walt., is a low shrub, 

 only two or three feet high, with lanceolate, wavy leaves. Fruit 

 of species and variety biennial. 



Q, chrysolepls, Liebm. — California Live Oak. — ^Leaves ever- 

 green, oblong, acute, or terminating la a sharp, rigid point, ob- 

 tuse or slightly heart-shaped at base, mostly entire on large 

 trees, but on younger ones sharply toothed, sometimes both 

 forms on the same branch, rather thick and about two inches 

 long and an inch wide, yellowish, downy beneath, but after a 

 year becoming bluish-white. Acoms oval, sometimes an inch 

 and a half long, and only a half inch in diameter, set in a sau- 

 cer-shaped cup, covered with triangular scales. Acoms matur- 

 ing at the close of the second season. One of the largest oaks, 

 with a flaky ash-gray bark in the Coast Ranges, and along the 

 slopes of the Sierra Nevada. On the higher mountains it is of- 

 ten a mere shrub. Var. vacciniifoUa, Engelmann, is a small 

 shrub, three to six feet high, with acoms less than an inch long, 

 with smaller leaves. 



Qt coccinea, Wang. — Scarlet Oak. — Leaves long, petioled, oval 

 or oblong, with deep and broad-scalloped edges, and six to eight 

 entire or sparingly-toothed lobes, rounded at the base, smooth 

 and shining on both sides. Cup top-shaped, enclosing about 

 one-half of the roundish depressed acorn, which is usually from 

 a half to three-fourths of an inch long. The leaves turn bright 

 red or scarlet in late autumn, and are quite persistent, although 

 di'opping after severe freezing weather sets in. A handsome 

 large tree with gray bark, rough, but not deeply furrowed. 



