PINE 



and allowing the resinous juices to collect there. This crude 

 turpentine when distilled gives pure spirits of turpentine and 

 rosin. Tar is obtained by the destructive distillation of the 

 wood, which in the southern states is done in a ver}' crude 

 and wasteful manner. 



The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary. The 

 primary leaves are usually simjDle scales but sometimes they 

 appear green and linear. The secondary are the evergreen 

 needles which make up the ordinai^y foliage of the tree. 

 These arise from the axils of the primary leaves in clusters 

 of two to five, surrounded by a sheath which is formed by 

 the union of several bud scales. 



In the two-leaved clusters the needles a)"e flat above, con- 

 vex below ; in those clusters containing three or more, the 

 needles are triangular, more or less keeled. The margins 

 are serrulate, the tips usually callous. 



The flowers are naked, monoecious and appear in early 

 spring. The staminate flowers are clustered at the base of 

 the leafy shoots of the year in the axils of bracts ; are yel- 

 low, orange, or scarlet ; oval, cylindrical, or oblong. They 

 are composed of man)', sessile, two-celled anthers, imbricated 

 m many ranks, upon a central axis, each anther surmounted 

 by a crest-like, semiorbicular connective. Each flower is sur- 

 rounded at base by an involucre of scale-like bracts, usually 

 definite in number in each species, the two external bracts 

 strongly keeled at the back. The pollen of the pine is very 

 abundant. The pistillate or ovule-bearing flowers are sub- 

 terminal or lateral, solitary, in pairs, or in clusters, erect or 

 recurved, sessile or pedunculate, borne near the apex of the 

 axils of bud-scales. They are composed of many carpel-like 

 scales, each in the axil of a small bract, and spirally ai^ranged 

 about a central axis. Each bract is rounded, obtuse, and 

 bears on the inner surface near the base two, naked, inverted 

 ovules. 



The fruit is a woody strobile called a cone, which matures 

 the second or third year after flowering. The seeds are in 

 pairs, attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner 



441 



