THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 349 



said to be apetaloiisJ When as in peonies tiie flowers have 

 calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils, they are described as 

 complete. 



Many of the crowfoot family have the calyx petaloid, as 

 in marsh-marigolds, aneraonies, clematises, Christmas roses, 

 fennel-flowers, baneberries, columbines, and monkshoods. 

 In mouse-tails each of the sepals develops near the base a 

 tubular pouch or spur (Fig. 285). 



Most commonly, the sepals, at least in the bud, overlap 

 at the edges in such a way that some are wholly inside and 

 some wholly outside, as shown in Figs. 282, 284. The sepals 

 are then said to be imbricate,- and tlie same term applies to 

 petals or similar organs thus overlapping. When the parts 

 touch at the edges without overlapping, as for example the 

 sepals of clematis (Fig. 290) they are valvate.'' The arrange- 

 ment of floral parts in the bud is called their cestivation; ' of 

 leaves, their vernation/' 



Almost all the flowers of the family have the parts of each 

 whorl alike; that is, the carpels of a flower are repetitions 

 of one another, likewise the stamens, the petals, and the 

 sepals when present. Such flowers are called regular. A 

 few of the family have irregular flowers, as for example the 

 monkshood (Fig. 178) so called from the pecuhar cowl-like 

 form of one of the sepals which is larger than the others and 

 partially enwraps them. The hood covers also a pair of 

 staminodal nectaries. The stamens with anthers and the 

 gyncecium are regular. 



The stem part of the flower is called the torus '< or receptacle. 

 It represents the continuation of the flower-stalk or peduncle 

 upon which the floral leaves grow. It is customary to speak 

 of the way in which an organ is attached to its support as 

 its insertion, or to say that the organ is inserted upon what- 

 ever bears it. Thus we say that the andrcecium and calyx 



1 A-pet'al-ous < Gr. a, without, petalon, petal. 

 ■- Im'-bri-cate < L. imbricatus, overlapping like roof-tiIe,s. 

 ■' Val'-vate < L. colt'tE, folding doors. 

 '■ ,Es'-ti-va-tion < L. a-stivus, of the summer. 

 Ver'-na-tion < L. vernus, of the spring. 



» To'-rus < L. torus, a swelling, as being the swollen end of the floral 

 axis. 



