THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 375 



Smooth sumac, .... Rhus glabra. 

 Poison sumac, poison dogwood, . Rhus Vemix. 



Poison ivy, Rhus radicans. 



Raspberries, thimbleberries, and 



blackberries, .... Rubus. 



(All species are eaten by birds.) 

 Wild or dwarf rose, . . . Rosa humilis. 



(The hips of other species are probably eaten.) 

 Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambucus pubens. 

 American elder, sweet elder, black 



elder, ...... Sambucus Canadensis. 



Sweet gum, Liquidambar Styraciflua. 



Wild gooseberries and currants, . Ribes. 



(All species.) 

 Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Menispermum Ganadense. 

 ' Virginia creeper, — woodbine, . Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 



Wild grapes, ..... Vitis. 



(All species.) 

 Probably all the thorn trees ( Crataegus) , including the English haw- 

 thorn (Crattzgus Oxyacanlha), 

 Sassafras, ... . . . Sassafras Sassafras. 



' Red mulberry, .... Morus rubra. 



Russian mulberry Morus alba, var. Tatarica. 



Hackberry, nettle tree or sugar berry, Cellis occidentalis. 

 American holly, .... Ilex opaca. 



' Winterberry, black alder, . . Ilex verlicillata. 



(Probably other species of holly (itex) are also eaten.) 

 Climbing bittersweet, stafftree, wax- 

 work, ...... Celastrus scandens. ' 



: Bayberry (wax myrtle) , . . . Myrica Carolinensis. 

 ' Barberry, common (European), . Berberis vulgaris. 

 '■ Shad bush, June berry, . . . Amelanchier Canadensis. 

 Red chokeberry, .... Aronia arbutifolia. 



(Probably the black chokeberry is also eaten.) 

 Beach plum, ..... Prunus maritima. 



(And probably other plums.) 

 Wild red cherry, bird cherry, . . Prunus Pennsylvanica. 



Sand cherry, Prunus pumila. 



' Black cherry, rum cherry, . . Prunus serotina. 

 ' Choke cherry, ..... Prunus Virginiana. 



Withe-rod, ..... Viburnum nudum. 



Sweet viburnum, Nanny plum, sheep 



berry, ...... Viburnum Lentago. 



Cranberry tree, .... Viburnum Opulus. 1 ■> 



1 Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 



